Search for narrow resonances in dilepton mass spectra in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

CMS Collaboration

REVIEW

Search for narrow resonances in dilepton mass spectra in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

CMS Collaboration

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Submitted 8 Jun 2012 · 42 references

Pith's verdict: A clean, standard 5 fb^-1 update of CMS's dilepton resonance search; the TeV-scale exclusions are solid and the acknowledged soft spot (high-pT electron efficiency from simulation) is bounded and does not threaten the result.

T0 · AI review

How this review was made: An AI referee (selfhosted/deepseek-v4.1-flash) read the paper on November 10, 2026 and answered a fixed list of questions about it. T0 is the starting level every paper gets. The levels describe how deeply Pith has checked the paper, never the authors.

T0 AI review An AI read the paper and answered a fixed list of questions.
T1 Audit Automatic checks that the references and files the paper relies on exist and match.
T2 Compute The paper's code or calculations re-run with the same results.
T3 Formal statement The claims written out in a formal math language a computer can read.
T4 Proof Those claims proved, and the proof checked by computer.

How Pith checks papers →

· 1 major objection · 8 minor · Ask about this paper · The compiled record · Read the full review →

Challenge this review Comment (0) Read on arXiv ↗

Cite ▾

arXiv ID1206.1849 (version 2)

Pith IDDI7JPEX2, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationCMS Collaboration. "Search for narrow resonances in dilepton mass spectra in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV." arXiv:1206.1849 (2012). https://pith.science/paper/DI7JPEX2

Cite this reviewBibTeX for Pith's review of this paper

Claim paper

Why Pith says this

Highlight any text to comment on it.

Editor's note

read the letter

Bottom line: this is the 5 fb^-1 update of CMS's dilepton resonance search, and the numbers in the abstract are the ones people will keep quoting — Z'_SSM below 2330 GeV, Z'_psi below 2000, KK gravitons below 2140 (1810). The machinery is the same as their 40 pb^-1 paper, so the new content is the dataset (roughly 100x) and the limits, not the method. That is what a search paper is supposed to deliver, and it delivers it cleanly. The (c_d, c_u) contours in Fig. 6 are a useful bonus for phenomenologists. What the paper does well: two independent channels, a background shape m^-kappa exp(-alpha m) whose parameters are fixed from simulation rather than from the signal region, a signal template that conservatively uses the widest resonance (3.1%), and an honest treatment of the 965 GeV bump — local Z = 2.1 becomes global Z = 0.4 and they say so. The systematic budget names its dominant term instead of burying it. Soft spots, in proportion. The real one is R_epsilon for electrons: above the ~150 GeV tag-and-probe range the efficiency is pure Monte Carlo, and the authors state plainly that no high-purity high-energy electron sample exists. They assign 8%, and the dielectron and dimuon limits agree (2120 vs 2150 GeV), which is a reasonable internal check. The stress-test concern lands but is bounded — an 8% cross-section shift is tens of GeV on a steeply falling spectrum, not a change in whether the exclusion exists. Two smaller items: theory cross-section uncertainties are explicitly not propagated into the mass limits (Sec. 7), so the TeV numbers are central values against a band shown only in Fig. 5; and the dimuon mass-scale uncertainty is set to zero on the strength of a sensitivity study whose numbers are not shown. Both move the last digit, not the conclusion. The GKK spin-2 acceptance difference (<8%) is neglected conservatively, which is fine but worth knowing. One correction to the record: the classifier reports no stated limitations, but the paper is actually candid about the electron efficiency and the theory uncertainties — credit where it is due. Who should read it: anyone needing a Z'/KK exclusion benchmark, and theorists scanning coupling planes. It deserves a serious referee.

Referee report

Significance

This is a well-executed, high-statistics search that roughly quintuples the integrated luminosity of the earlier CMS dilepton resonance analysis and delivers the strongest direct limits on these benchmark models at the time of writing. The analysis has several methodological strengths worth naming: the two channels are analysed independently and combined through a product of likelihoods, providing an internal cross-check (the dielectron and dimuon Z'_SSM limits, 2120 and 2150 GeV, agree well); the background shape parameters are fixed from simulation rather than from the signal region, so the fit is not self-fulfilling; the signal width is conservatively taken as the widest resonance considered (3.1% for the SSM Z'), which weakens rather than strengthens the limits for the narrower Z'_psi, Z'_St, and G^KK cases; the multijet background is data-driven; and the e-mu control sample provides an independent handle on prompt-lepton and misidentification backgrounds. The results are presented both as model-by-model mass limits and as a model-independent exclusion contour in the (c_d, c_u) plane, which makes the result reusable beyond the specific benchmarks. The paper is a solid, citable,

Major objections (1)

[Section 7 and Fig. 5] The quoted mass limits are obtained by comparing the experimental R_sigma limit curve to the central theoretical prediction, and the text states explicitly that 'No uncertainties on cross sections for the various theoretical models are included when determining the limits.' Figure 5 shows that the theory bands are non-negligible, particularly for the Z'_St and for G^KK at k/M_Pl = 0.05, where the band width is comparable to the spacing between the limit curve and the prediction near the quoted mass. The headline numbers in the abstract (2330, 2000, 890/540, 2140/1810 GeV) should therefore be understood as excluding the central prediction only. This is a standard convention and does not undermine the result, but because these numbers are the paper's central claim, the convention should be stated explicitly in Section 7 and, if feasible, the mass at which even the upper edge of the theory band is excluded should be quoted for at least the Z'_SSM and G^KK cases. That would let a reader judge how much of the quoted reach is robust against the theory uncertainty shown in the same figure.

Minor objections (8)

[Section 5.1 and Section 7] Section 5.1 assigns a 5% to 20% uncertainty to the extrapolation of the Drell-Yan background normalization from the Z peak to high mass, while Section 7 lists only R_epsilon (8% ee, 3% mu mu) and the electron mass scale as leading systematics. Please clarify explicitly whether the 5-20% extrapolation uncertainty of Section 5.1 is absorbed by the floating normalization of the extended likelihood fit, or whether it is propagated into the limit; if the latter, it would be larger than the quoted R_epsilon for the muon channel and should appear in the systematic budget.
[Section 7] For the dimuon channel the mass scale uncertainty is set to zero, with the justification that a sensitivity study showed a negligible change in the limits for a momentum-scale shift of several percent. Please quote the size of the shift studied and the corresponding change in the dimuon mass limit in GeV, so that the reader can verify the 'negligible' claim rather than take it on trust; at 2 TeV a several-percent scale shift is tens of GeV, comparable to the difference between the dielectron and dimuon limits.
[Section 7 and Fig. 5] The signal width is fixed to the 3.1% SSM value for all models. For the Z'_St (0.06 GeV at 1 TeV for epsilon = 0.06) and for G^KK at k/M_Pl = 0.05 (3.5 GeV at 1 TeV) this is very conservative, and the text notes only that 'the highest mass limits are insensitive to this width.' Please state explicitly that the Z'_St and low-coupling G^KK limits are therefore conservative, and, if the machinery is available, quote the limit obtained with the model-specific width so the size of the conservatism is visible.
[Section 3 and Section 4] The dielectron selection does not require opposite-sign pairs, with the stated justification that charge assignment is decoupled from the ECAL energy measurement. Please quantify the expected charge-misassignment contribution in the high-mass search region (m_ee > 200 GeV); presumably it is negligible, but the number should be given so the reader can confirm that dropping the opposite-sign requirement does not admit a background that the dimuon channel rejects.
[Section 5.3 and Table 1] Section 5.3 states that the muon background from misidentified jets is 'less than 0.05 events above 600 GeV', while Table 1 lists 8 +/- 4 such events in the dimuon sample above 200 GeV. These are consistent because they refer to different mass ranges, but the juxtaposition is confusing as written; please add a clause making the mass ranges explicit.
[Section 7] The local Z-values (1.2 dimuon, 1.7 dielectron, 2.1 combined) and the corresponding look-elsewhere probabilities are quoted as Z = -0.7, 0.3, and 0.4. The negative value and the sign convention for the global quantity are not explained; please state in one sentence what a negative global Z means here.
[References] Reference [25] is listed as 'JHEP 01 (2010) 080' but its DOI is 10.1007/JHEP01(2011)080, indicating the year should be 2011. References [33] and [35] carry the arXiv identifier prefix 'hep-ph/' in front of 2010-era numbers (1007.2241 and 1007.3492), which is not the correct form for those identifiers. Please correct these.
[Section 4 and figure captions] There are several typographical and typesetting issues to fix: '|PW + jets' in Section 4 should read 'W + jets'; 'supresses' in Section 4 should be 'suppresses'; 'intepreted' in the Fig. 4 caption should be 'interpreted'; the footnote in Section 2 has 'they axis' and 'thez axis' with missing spaces; and the generator names MADGRAPH and POWHEG appear with broken small-caps spacing ('M ADGRAPH'). In the Fig. 2 caption, the legend reads 'jets' for the muon channel and 'jets (data)' for the electron channel; please state in the caption that the multijet component is data-derived in both cases.

How Pith checks papers → · Full audit of this paper →

The paper

The paper claims

CMS finds no heavy dilepton resonance in 5 fb⁻¹ of 7 TeV data, and uses the absence to push exclusion limits on Z′ bosons and Kaluza–Klein gravitons to record masses.

The reading

The CMS collaboration asks whether the LHC has already produced a narrow, heavy particle that decays into an electron pair or a muon pair. Using about 5 inverse femtobarns of 2011 proton–proton collisions at 7 TeV, the paper compares the observed dilepton invariant mass spectrum with a smooth Standard Model background and finds no bump anywhere in the high-mass region. The absence of a bump is converted into upper limits on how often such a resonance could be produced relative to an ordinary Z boson, a ratio in which many experimental and theoretical uncertainties cancel. Those limits are then read against model predictions to say, at 95% confidence, how heavy each candidate particle is allowed to be. The value for a general reader is that a null result stated this precisely is what turns a search into an exclusion: entire model classes are now pushed above roughly 2 TeV, so any future discovery of this kind must sit at higher mass or in a different final state.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the ratio $R_σ$, the production cross section times dilepton branching fraction for a candidate resonance divided by the same quantity for the Standard Model $Z$ boson. Working with a ratio rather than an absolute rate cancels many experimental and theoretical uncertainties shared by the two measurements, and the search itself is a shape analysis rather than a counting experiment, so it does not depend on knowing the absolute background normalization. The fit is an extended unbinned likelihood built from a signal shape — a Breit–Wigner convolved with a Gaussian resolution function, with the width conservatively fixed to the $3.1%$ of the Sequential Standard Model $Z'$ — and a background shape $m^{-κ} e^{-α m}$ whose parameters are fixed from a fit to simulated background. The observed upper limit on $R_σ$ as a function of mass is then intersected with the predicted $R_σ$ bands for each model, including NNLO $K$ factors for the $Z'$ cases and a constant next-to-leading-order factor of $1.6$ for the graviton case, and the crossing point gives the mass limit.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's claim is that the dimuon and dielectron mass spectra collected by CMS at $7$ TeV, corresponding to $5.28$ fb$^{-1}$ in the muon channel and $4.98$ fb$^{-1}$ in the electron channel, are consistent with Standard Model expectations, and that this consistency excludes a set of narrow high-mass resonances below stated masses at 95% confidence level. The quoted numbers are $2330$ GeV for the Sequential Standard Model $Z'$, $2000$ GeV for the superstring-inspired $Z'_{psi}$, $890$ ($540$) GeV for the Stueckelberg $Z'_{St}$ at $epsilon = 0.06$ ($0.04$), and $2140$ ($1810$) GeV for Randall–Sundrum Kaluza–Klein gravitons at coupling $k/M_{Pl} = 0.10$ ($0.05$). The largest local excess anywhere in the search region is modest: a local $Z$ of $1.2$ at $1005$ GeV in dimuons, $1.7$ at $960$ GeV in dielectrons, and $2.1$ at $965$ GeV in the combination, with a look-elsewhere probability equivalent to $Z = 0.4$. The authors state that these are the most stringent limits on these models to date.

Load-bearing premise

The mass limits scale directly with the ratio of selection efficiency times acceptance at high resonance mass to that at the $Z$ peak, and above roughly $150$ GeV that ratio is taken from simulation alone; the authors acknowledge this, quoting $8%$ uncertainty for electrons where no pure high-energy electron sample exists and $3%$ for muons.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A Sequential Standard Model $Z'$ with standard-model-like couplings is excluded below $2330$ GeV, so any such boson must be heavier than that or couple differently than the benchmark assumes.
The superstring-inspired $Z'_{psi}$ is excluded below $2000$ GeV, and the narrow Stueckelberg $Z'_{St}$ below $890$ GeV at $epsilon = 0.06$ and $540$ GeV at $epsilon = 0.04$.
Randall–Sundrum Kaluza–Klein gravitons are excluded below $2140$ GeV for $k/M_{Pl} = 0.10$ and $1810$ GeV for $0.05$, so the strong-coupling corner of that model is pushed out of reach of the 7 TeV dataset.
The result is also reported as excluded regions in the $(c_d, c_u)$ plane of $Z'$ fermion couplings, so the limits apply to whole families of models rather than only the four benchmark points.
Because the spectra show no significant structure, the analysis sets a template for how later, larger datasets should be interpreted: the same $R_σ$ construction can be re-evaluated as luminosity and collision energy grow.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The null result is more informative as a constraint on the coupling–mass plane than as a single number: the $(c_d, c_u)$ contours mean that a $Z'$ with suppressed couplings to up-type or down-type quarks can survive well below $2.3$ TeV, so the headline mass limit is a statement about benchmark couplings, not about the existence of $Z'$ bosons in general.
The dielectron channel's weaker reach compared with dimuons at high mass is driven by the efficiency extrapolation, not by statistics; a future high-purity high-energy electron calibration sample would tighten the electron limit by an amount comparable to the current muon–electron gap.
Since the graviton acceptance exceeds the $Z'$ acceptance by less than $8%$ and this difference was neglected, the quoted graviton limits are slightly conservative, and correcting for it would move them upward by a small amount.
The absence of any excess near $1$ TeV in both channels at once, at a look-elsewhere significance consistent with background, makes it unlikely that a narrow resonance with these production rates is hiding anywhere in the accessible range of this dataset.

Original abstract

A search for narrow, high-mass resonances decaying to electron or muon pairs has been performed using pp collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV by the CMS experiment in 2011. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approximately 5 inverse femtobarns. The event yields observed in the signal regions are consistent with predictions of the standard model backgrounds, and upper limits on the cross section times branching fraction for a resonance decaying to dileptons are extracted from a shape analysis of the dilepton invariant mass distribution. The resulting mass limits at 95% confidence level are 2330 GeV for the Z' in the Sequential Standard Model, 2000 GeV for the superstring-inspired Z'(psi) resonance, 890 (540) GeV for the Stueckelberg extension Z'(St) with the mass parameter epsilon = 0.06 (0.04), and 2140 (1810) GeV for Kaluza--Klein gravitons with the coupling parameter k/Mbar(Pl) of 0.10 (0.05). These limits are the most stringent to date.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,550 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.06 · states limitation 0.16 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.32 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.99 · compares with prior results 0.79 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

A search for narrow, high-mass resonances decaying to electron or muon pairs has been performed using pp collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV by the CMS experiment in 2011. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approximately 5 inverse femtobarns. The event yields observed in the signal regions are consistent with predictions of the standard model backgrounds, and upper limits on the cross section times branching fraction for a resonance decaying to dileptons are extracted from a shape analysis of the dilepton invariant mass distribution. The resulting mass limits at 95% confidence level are 2330 GeV for the Z' in the Sequential Standard Model, 2000 GeV for the superstring-inspired Z'(psi) resonance, 890 (540) GeV for the Stueckelberg extension Z'(St) with the mass parameter epsilon = 0.06 (0.04), and 2140 (1810) GeV for Kaluza--Klein gravitons with the coupling parameter k/Mbar(Pl) of 0.10 (0.05). These limits are the most stringent to date.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	A search for narrow, high-mass resonances decaying to electron or muon pairs has been performed using pp collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV by the CMS experiment in 2011.	contribution 0.88	0.96	0.04	asserted 0.99
s1	The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approximately 5 inverse femtobarns.	method 1.00	0.85	0.02	asserted 0.96
s2	The event yields observed in the signal regions are consistent with predictions of the standard model backgrounds, and upper limits on the cross section times branching fraction for a resonance decaying to dileptons are extracted from a shape analysis of the dilepton invariant mass distribution.	result 0.71	0.96	0.25	asserted 0.60
s3	The resulting mass limits at 95% confidence level are 2330 GeV for the Z' in the Sequential Standard Model, 2000 GeV for the superstring-inspired Z'(psi) resonance, 890 (540) GeV for the Stueckelberg extension Z'(St) with the mass parameter epsilon = 0.06 (0.04), and 2140 (1810) GeV for Kaluza--Klein gravitons with the coupling parameter k/Mbar(Pl) of 0.10 (0.05).	result 1.00	0.95	0.76	asserted 1.00
s4	These limits are the most stringent to date.	interpretation 0.81	0.57	0.36	asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 0.80.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** The observed opposite-sign e±µ ∓ dilepton invariant mass spectrum (data points). The filled red histogram shows the contribution to the spectrum from tt and other sources of prompt leptons (tW, diboson production, Z → ττ), as derived from simulations. The background where at least one of the reconstructed objects is not a real lepton is shown in yellow and estimated from the data using the same-sign e±µ ± spectrum. such backgrounds, is more likely to occur for electrons than for muons. The muon background from this source was determined as in Ref. [9] and verified to be negligible…

**Figure 2.** shows a comparison of data and expected backgrounds in both dimuon (left) and dielectron (right) mass spectra. The illustrated “jets” contribution includes events where at least one jet has been misreconstructed as a lepton. The component from events where two jets are misreconstructed as electrons was obtained from data. Contributions from W → eν + jet and γ + jet events were estimated from MC simulations, as were all other backgrounds illustrated. The relative fractions of backgrounds derived from simulation are determined using theoretical cross sections. Overall, these…

**Figure 3.** The cumulative distribution of the invariant mass spectrum of

**Figure 4.** The relative difference between the data and the fitted parametrization of the simu

**Figure 5.** Upper limits as a function of the resonance mass

**Figure 6.** The 95% CL upper limits on the Z0 cross sections for given masses are equivalent to excluded regions in the (cd, cu) plane which are bounded by the thin black lines in the figure. They are compared with the predicted values of (cd, cu) in three classes of models. The colours on curves correspond to different mixing angles of the generators defined in each model. For any point on a model curve, the mass limit corresponding to that value of (cd, cu) is given by the intersecting experimental contour

Figures reproduced from arXiv:1206.1849 by the authors.

References

Works cited (42)

[1]

L. Evans and P . Bryant (editors), “LHC machine”, JINST 3 (2008) S08001, doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08001

View on Pith doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/s08001 2008
[2]

G. Altarelli, B. Mele, and M. Ruiz-Altaba, “Searching for new heavy vector bosons in p p colliders”, Z. Phys. C 45 (1989) 109, doi:10.1007/BF01556677

View on Pith doi:10.1007/bf01556677 1989
[3]

A. Leike, “The phenomenology of extra neutral gauge bosons”, Phys. Rept. 317 (1999) 143, doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00133-1, arXiv:hep-ph/9805494

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[4]

B. Kors and P . Nath, “A Stueckelberg extension of the standard model”, Phys. Lett. B 586 (2004) 366, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.02.051, arXiv:hep-ph/0402047

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004
[5]

D. Feldman, Z. Liu, and P . Nath, “The Stueckelberg Z prime at the LHC: discovery potential, signature spaces and model discrimination”, JHEP 11 (2006) 007, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2006/11/007, arXiv:hep-ph/0606294

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006
[6]

L. Randall and R. Sundrum, “An alternative to compactiﬁcation”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 4690, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4690, arXiv:hep-th/9906064

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[7]

L. Randall and R. Sundrum, “A large mass hierarchy from a small extra dimension”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 3370, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3370, arXiv:hep-ph/9905221

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[8]

ATLAS Collaboration, “Search for dilepton resonances in pp collisions at√s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (2011) 272002, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.272002, arXiv:1108.1582. 14 References

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011
[9]

CMS Collaboration, “Search for resonances in the dilepton mass distribution in pp collisions at√s = 7 TeV”, JHEP 05 (2011) 093, doi:10.1007/JHEP05(2011)093, arXiv:1103.0981

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011
[10]

D0 Collaboration, “Search for Randall-Sundrum gravitons in the dielectron and diphoton ﬁnal states with 5.4 fb−1 of data from p ¯p collisions at√s = 1.96 TeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 (2010) 241802, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.241802, arXiv:1004.1826

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2010
[11]

D0 Collaboration, “Search for a heavy neutral gauge boson in the dielectron channel with 5.4 fb−1 of p ¯p collisions at√s = 1.96 TeV”, Phys. Lett. B 695 (2011) 88, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.10.059, arXiv:1008.2023

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011
[12]

CDF Collaboration, “A search for high-mass resonances decaying to dimuons at CDF”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (2009) 091805, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.091805, arXiv:0811.0053

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2009
[13]

CDF Collaboration, “Search for high-mass e+e− resonances in p ¯p collisions at√s = 1.96 TeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (2009) 031801, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.031801, arXiv:0810.2059

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2009
[16]

DELPHI Collaboration, “Measurement and interpretation of fermion-pair production at LEP energies above the Z resonance”, Eur. Phys. J. C 45 (2006) 589, doi:10.1140/epjc/s2005-02461-0, arXiv:hep-ex/0512012

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006
[17]

ALEPH Collaboration, “Fermion pair production in e+e− collisions at 189–209 GeV and constraints on physics beyond the standard model”, Eur. Phys. J. C 49 (2007) 411, doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-006-0156-8 , arXiv:hep-ex/0609051

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2007
[18]

OPAL Collaboration, “Tests of the standard model and constraints on new physics from measurements of fermion-pair production at 189–209 GeV at LEP”, Eur. Phys. J. C 33 (2004) 173, doi:10.1140/epjc/s2004-01595-9, arXiv:hep-ex/0309053

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004
[19]

L3 Collaboration, “Measurement of hadron and lepton-pair production in e+e− collisions at√s = 192–208 GeV at LEP”, Eur. Phys. J. C 47 (2006) 1, doi:10.1140/epjc/s2006-02539-1, arXiv:hep-ex/0603022

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006
[20]

CMS Collaboration, “Absolute Calibration of the Luminosity Measurement at CMS: Winter 2012 Update”, CMS Physics Analysis Summary CMS-PAS-SMP-12-008, (2012)

View on Pith 2012
[21]

CMS Collaboration, “The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC”, JINST 3 (2008) S08004, doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08004

View on Pith doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/s08004 2008
[22]

CMS Collaboration, “The TriDAS Project Technical Design Report, volume I: The trigger systems”, CMS TDR CERN/LHCC 2000-038, (2000)

View on Pith 2000
[23]

CMS Collaboration, “The TriDAS Project Technical Design Report, volume II: Data acquisition and high-level trigger”, CMS TDR CERN/LHCC 2002-026, (2002). References 15

View on Pith 2002
[24]

CMS Collaboration, “Performance of muon identiﬁcation in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV”, CMS Physics Analysis Summary CMS-PAS-MUO-10-002, (2010)

View on Pith 2010
[25]

CMS Collaboration, “Measurements of Inclusive W and Z Cross Sections in pp Collisions at√s = 7 TeV”, JHEP 01 (2010) 080, doi:10.1007/JHEP01(2011)080

View on Pith doi:10.1007/jhep01(2011)080 2010
[26]

F. Maltoni and T. Stelzer, “MadEvent: Automatic event generation with MadGraph”, JHEP 02 (2003) 027, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2003/02/027, arXiv:hep-ph/0208156

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2003
[27]

S. Alioli et al., “NLO vector-boson production matched with shower in POWHEG”, JHEP 07 (2008) 060, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2008/07/060, arXiv:0805.4802

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2008
[28]

P . Nason, “A new method for combining NLO QCD with shower Monte Carlo algorithms”, JHEP 11 (2004) 040, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2004/11/040, arXiv:hep-ph/0409146

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004
[29]

S. Frixione, P . Nason, and C. Oleari, “Matching NLO QCD computations with Parton Shower simulations: the POWHEG method”, JHEP 11 (2007) 070, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/11/070, arXiv:0709.2092

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2007
[30]

T. Sj ¨ostrand, S. Mrenna, and P . Z. Skands, “PYTHIA 6.4 physics and manual”, JHEP 05 (2006) 026, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2006/05/026, arXiv:hep-ph/0603175

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006
[31]

CMS Collaboration, “Measurement of the Underlying Event Activity at the LHC with√s = 7 TeV and Comparison with√s = 0.9 TeV”, JHEP 09 (2011) 109, doi:10.1007/JHEP09(2011)109

View on Pith doi:10.1007/jhep09(2011)109 2011
[32]

J. Pumplin et al., “New generation of parton distributions with uncertainties from global QCD analysis”, JHEP 07 (2002) 012, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2002/07/012, arXiv:hep-ph/0201195

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2002
[33]

H.-L. Lai et al., “New parton distributions for collider physics”, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 074024, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.074024, arXiv:hep-ph/1007.2241

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2010
[34]

GEANT4 Collaboration, “GEANT4–a simulation toolkit”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 506 (2003) 250, doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8

View on Pith doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01368-8 2003
[35]

J. M. Campbell and R. K. Ellis, “MCFM for the Tevatron and the LHC”, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 205-206 (2010) 10, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2010.08.011, arXiv:hep-ph/1007.3492

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2010
[36]

R. Kleiss and W. J. Stirling, “Top quark production at hadron colliders: Some useful formulae”, Z. Phys. C 40 (1988) 419, doi:10.1007/BF01548856

View on Pith doi:10.1007/bf01548856 1988
[37]

K. Melnikov and F. Petriello, “Electroweak gauge boson production at hadron colliders throughO(α2s )”, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 114017, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.114017, arXiv:hep-ph/0609070

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006
[38]

E. Accomando et al., “Z’ physics with early LHC data”, Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) 075012, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.83.075012, arXiv:1010.6058

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011
[39]

R. Hamberg, W. L. van Neerven, and T. Matsuura, “A complete calculation of the order α2S correction to the Drell–Yan K factor”, Nucl. Phys. B 359 (1991) 343, doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90064-5. Erratum: – ibid. B644 (2002) 403. 16 References

View on Pith doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90064-5 1991
[40]

W. L. van Neerven and E. B. Zijlstra, “The O( α2S) corrected Drell–Yan K-factor in the DIS and MS schemes”, Nucl. Phys. B 382 (1992) 11, doi:10.1016/0550-3213(92)90078-P. Erratum – ibid. B680 (2004) 513

View on Pith doi:10.1016/0550-3213(92)90078-p 1992
[41]

P . Mathews, V . Ravindran, and K. Sridhar, “NLO-QCD corrections to dilepton production in the Randall- Sundrum model”, JHEP 10 (2005) 031, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2005/10/031, arXiv:hep-ph/0506158

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2005
[42]

CDF Collaboration, “Search for New Dielectron Resonances and Randall-Sundrum Gravitons at the Collider Detector at Fermilab”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (2011) 051801, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.051801, arXiv:1103.4650

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011
[43]

CDF Collaboration, “Search for High Mass Resonances Decaying to Muon Pairs in√s = 1.96 TeV p ¯p Collisions”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 121801, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.121801, arXiv:1101.4578

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011
[44]

M. Carena et al., “ Z′ gauge bosons at the Tevatron”, Phys. Rev. D 70 (2004) 093009, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.093009, arXiv:hep-ph/0408098. 17 A The CMS Collaboration Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia S. Chatrchyan, V . Khachatryan, A.M. Sirunyan, A. Tumasyan Institut f ¨ ur Hochenergiephysik der OeAW, Wien, Austria W. Adam, T. Bergauer, M. Dragi...

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004

Forward citations

Cited by 15 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

The Leptoquark Hunter's Guide: Large Coupling
hep-ph 2018-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Extending a prior leptoquark search guide to order-unity couplings, the authors recast LHC pair, single, Drell-Yan and monojet searches plus atomic parity violation data into mass-coupling exclusion planes for each le...
Family non-universal Z' models with protected flavor-changing interactions
hep-ph 2015-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Gauging the BGL flavor symmetry yields six anomaly-free Z-prime models with CKM-locked flavor-changing couplings and fixed lepton non-universality, three of which accommodate the LHCb R_K anomaly.
Scale-invariant resonance tagging in multijet events and new physics in Higgs pair production
hep-ph 2013-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A single resonance-tagging analysis chain, built from mass-drop tags and dijet pairings, yields approximately scale-invariant signal efficiency and background rejection across the boosted-to-resolved transition, makin...
Likelihood-Based Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in CMS Dijet Events
hep-ex 2026-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A neural spline flow trained on 61 dijet observables from CMS Open Data identifies 379 anomalous events whose deviations are concentrated in jet substructure, with no narrow mass resonance seen.
Search for resonant and nonresonant new phenomena in high-mass dilepton final states at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV
hep-ex 2021-03 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

CMS finds no significant high-mass dilepton excess in 137-140 fb^-1 of 13 TeV data and sets TeV-scale exclusion limits on Z', graviton, dark-matter mediator, contact-interaction, and large-extra-dimension models.

Show 10 more citing papers

Gravity-mediated (or Composite) Dark Matter
hep-ph 2013-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Dark matter confined to the infrared brane of a warped extra dimension can annihilate through Kaluza-Klein gravitons and radions to reproduce the observed relic density, with a claimed dual description in a near-confo...
Probing New Physics with the B_s to {\mu}+ {\mu}- Time-Dependent Rate
hep-ph 2013-03 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

The paper classifies new-physics scenarios for B_s to mu+ mu- and shows that time-dependent rate observables can discriminate between gauge-boson, scalar, and pseudoscalar explanations.
LHC probes the hidden sector
hep-ph 2012-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Reinterpreting 2011-2012 ATLAS and CMS resonance searches yields new exclusion limits on hidden photons, axion-like particles, and millicharged particles at GeV to TeV masses.
The Anatomy of Z' and Z with Flavour Changing Neutral Currents in the Flavour Precision Era
hep-ph 2012-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

For a tree-level flavour-changing Z-prime, fixing quark couplings from meson-mixing data yields parameter-free predictions for rare K and B decays, and the resulting correlations can separate left-handed, right-handed...
The Anatomy of Quark Flavour Observables in 331 Models in the Flavour Precision Era
hep-ph 2012-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

In the 331 model with a heavy Z-prime, four parameter regions survive current flavour data, and the rare decays B_d to mu mu plus the CP asymmetry in B_s to mu mu can in future identify which one is correct.
Non-standard Charged Current Interactions: beta decays versus the LHC
hep-ph 2012-10 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Within an effective field theory, LHC data already beat beta decay for right-handed neutrino charged-current couplings, while beta decay remains best for left-handed vector and pseudoscalar couplings.
The Dark Z' Portal: Direct, Indirect and Collider Searches
hep-ph 2013-12 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Combining LHC dijet and monojet searches with LUX, XENON100 and Fermi-LAT limits, the authors map the surviving parameter space of a leptophobic Z-prime dark matter portal and find that only heavy mediators or quark c...
Search for heavy narrow dilepton resonances in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and sqrt(s) = 8 TeV
hep-ex 2012-12 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

No heavy narrow dilepton resonance appears in up to 5.3 inverse femtobarns at 7 TeV and 4.1 inverse femtobarns at 8 TeV, excluding a standard-model-like Z-prime below 2590 GeV at 95% confidence.
Search for high-mass resonances in dilepton final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
hep-ex 2018-03 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

No high-mass dielectron or dimuon resonance appears in 36 fb^-1 of 13 TeV CMS data, giving 95% CL lower mass limits of 4.50 TeV for Z'_SSM and 3.90 TeV for Z'_psi.
Beta Decays and Non-Standard Interactions in the LHC Era
hep-ph 2013-03 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

Precision beta-decay and light-meson measurements probe non-standard charged-current interactions at scales of 7 to 11 TeV and remain complementary to direct LHC searches.

How later papers used it

55 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 45 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 21 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 26 of the 105 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

2 later papers by other authors are listed below: 2 used its data or values. 1 more paper by the same authors is listed: 1 used its method or tool.

Uses its method or tool 1 of 4 papers with this label · 1 by the same authors

By the same authors

Used the same event selection as this paper's search for new heavy resonances in the dimuon channel.

Search for contact interactions in opposite-sign dimuon events in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV (2012) (same authors) · 0.95 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

Uses its data or values 2 of 19 papers with this label

Used the experimental data in the dilepton and lepton event samples collected by CMS at sqrt(s)=7 with an integrated luminosity of about 5 inverse femtobarns, as given in this paper.

Combining searches of Z' and W' bosons (2012) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Used data from direct searches of resonances decaying to leptons in CMS at the LHC, including this paper.

Vector triplets at the LHC (2013) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

53 arXiv papers cite this in 101 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 58 sentences without a confident label

Contests it 1 paper

After this paper was completed, Alexander Belyaev informed us [ref] that both [ref] and the CMS analyses [ref] may list the wrong expression ([ref]), but not actually use it.

Remarks on the Z' Drell-Yan cross section · Conclusions · contest 0.78

Uses its method or tool 2 papers

We follow the Bayesian procedure of Ref. [ref] , which is based on an unbinned extended maximum likelihood analysis.

Search for heavy narrow dilepton resonances in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and sqrt(s) = 8 TeV · Results · 0.99
The trigger efficiency has been measured using the “tag-and-probe” technique in dimuon events from Z decays described in [ref] .

Search for lepton flavour violating decays of heavy resonances and quantum black holes to an e-mu pair in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV · Event selection · 0.86

Uses its data or values 19 papers

We use the experimental data in the samples of $ℓ^+ ℓ^-$ and $ℓ+$ events collected by the CMS collaboration at $√(s)=7$ with an integrated luminosity $L_int∼5 fb^-1$, as given in Refs. [ref] and [ref] , respectively.

Combining searches of Z' and W' bosons · Combined searches of and bosons at the LHC · 1.00
We use data from direct searches of resonances decaying to leptons in CMS at the LHC ( [ref] and [ref] ).

Vector triplets at the LHC · Vector triplets at the LHC: leptonic signals · 1.00
The CMS search at $7$ TeV [ref] reports that the resolution on the dimuon invariant mass is 6.5% at masses around $1$ TeV, increasing to 12% at $2$ TeV, while the resolution in the dielectron channel is 1.1% for electron in the barrel and 2.3% when one electron is in the endcap calorimeter, staying constant above $500$ GeV.

Even tiers and resonances on the Real Projective Plane · $Z' →l^+ l^-$ searches · 0.99

Compares with it 3 papers

We have then compared the resulting cross sections for the process $p p→X→l^+_jl^-_j$ with the exclusion limits presented in ATLAS [ref] and CMS [ref] [The different structure of the couplings in Eq. [ref] as compared to the ATLAS and CMS benchmark models leads to somewhat different kinematic distributions and experimental acceptances.

LHC probes the hidden sector · Dimension 6 operators · 0.84
Both muon and electron trigger efficiencies are within 1–2% of those found in Ref. [ref] .

Search for heavy narrow dilepton resonances in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and sqrt(s) = 8 TeV · Event selection and object reconstruction · 0.97
These bounds are stronger than those from many $Z^'$ benchmark models, for which current LHC data typically give a lower bound of $M_Z^' ≳2$-$3$ TeV [ref] .

Family non-universal Z' models with protected flavor-changing interactions · Direct searches · 0.99

Cites it as background 5 papers

Searches for high-mass $$ gauge bosons have been performed by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC with proton-proton collision data collected at $√(s) = 7$ [ref] and with data collected at $8$ [ref] .

Search for high-mass resonances in dilepton final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV · Introduction · 0.91
Previous dilepton searches by the LHC experiments have been reported in [ref] .

LHC Phenomenology and Cosmology of String-Inspired Intersecting D-Brane Models · LHC Phenomenology · 0.95
Searches for high-mass gauge bosons in dilepton final states have a long history at the LHC, with the CMS Collaboration having reported results using proton-proton (pp) collision data from the LHC Run 1 (2010–2012) at $√(s) = 7$ [ref] and 8 [ref] , and more recently from the beginning of the LHC Run 2 (2015–2018) at 13 [ref] using early data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36collected in 2016.

Search for resonant and nonresonant new phenomena in high-mass dilepton final states at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV · Introduction · 0.93

What it cites · 14 sentences without a confident label

Uses the method or tool of 8 papers

An upper limit on the ratio $R_σ$ of the cross section times branching fraction of a $$ boson relative to that for a Z boson was found using the Bayesian technique described in Ref. [ref] .

Search for Resonances in the Dilepton Mass Distribution in pp Collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV · Statistical analysis and results · 1.00
The calculated $$ and $$ cross sections include generated dileptons with masses only within $±$40% of the nominal resonance mass [ref] .

Z' physics with early LHC data · Statistical analysis and results · 0.80
The [ref] matrix-element generator was used for $$, single top and $|PW + jets$ samples and the V1.1 framework [ref] for Drell–Yan to electrons and muons and single top samples.

A New Method for Combining NLO QCD with Shower Monte Carlo Algorithms · Event samples and event selection · 1.00

Uses data or values from 2 papers

For the RS graviton model, a constant next-to-leading order K factor of 1.6 is used [ref] .

NLO-QCD Corrections to Dilepton Production in the Randall-Sundrum Model · Statistical analysis and results · 0.85
The NNLO prediction for the $/γ^*$ production cross section in the mass window of 60 to 120is $0.97±0.04nb$ [ref] .

Electroweak gauge boson production at hadron colliders through O(alpha_s^2) · Statistical analysis and results · 1.00

Compares with 12 papers

The observed limits are more restrictive than those previously obtained via similar direct searches by the Tevatron experiments [ref] and indirect searches by LEP-II experiments [ref] , as well as those obtained by ATLAS [ref] and CMS [ref] using smaller data samples.

Fermion pair production in e+e- collisions at 189-209 GeV and constraints on physics beyond the Standard Model · Statistical analysis and results · 1.00
The observed limits are more restrictive than those previously obtained via similar direct searches by the Tevatron experiments [ref] and indirect searches by LEP-II experiments [ref] , as well as those obtained by ATLAS [ref] and CMS [ref] using smaller data samples.

Search for Resonances in the Dilepton Mass Distribution in pp Collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV · Statistical analysis and results · 1.00
The observed limits are more restrictive than those previously obtained via similar direct searches by the Tevatron experiments [ref] and indirect searches by LEP-II experiments [ref] , as well as those obtained by ATLAS [ref] and CMS [ref] using smaller data samples.

Search for High-Mass \boldmath$e^+e^-$ Resonances in \boldmath$p\bar{p}$ Collisions at \boldmath$\sqrt{s}=$1.96 TeV · Statistical analysis and results · 1.00

Cites as background 11 papers

The model classes are described in [ref] .

Z' physics with early LHC data · Statistical analysis and results · 0.96
The model classes are described in [ref] .

Search for Resonances in the Dilepton Mass Distribution in pp Collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV · Statistical analysis and results · 0.96
The narrow resonances predicted in these models include the Sequential Standard Model $$ with standard model couplings [ref] , the $$ expected in grand unified theories [ref] , the $$ produced in the Stueckelberg extension to the standard model [ref] , and the Kaluza–Klein graviton ($$) excitations arising in the Randall–Sundrum (RS) model of extra dimensions [ref] .

A Stueckelberg Extension of the Standard Model · Introduction · 0.97

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

[1] [1]

L. Evans and P . Bryant (editors), “LHC machine”, JINST 3 (2008) S08001, doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08001

View on Pith doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/s08001 2008

[2] [2]

G. Altarelli, B. Mele, and M. Ruiz-Altaba, “Searching for new heavy vector bosons in p p colliders”, Z. Phys. C 45 (1989) 109, doi:10.1007/BF01556677

View on Pith doi:10.1007/bf01556677 1989

[3] [3]

A. Leike, “The phenomenology of extra neutral gauge bosons”, Phys. Rept. 317 (1999) 143, doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00133-1, arXiv:hep-ph/9805494

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[4] [4]

B. Kors and P . Nath, “A Stueckelberg extension of the standard model”, Phys. Lett. B 586 (2004) 366, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.02.051, arXiv:hep-ph/0402047

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004

[5] [5]

D. Feldman, Z. Liu, and P . Nath, “The Stueckelberg Z prime at the LHC: discovery potential, signature spaces and model discrimination”, JHEP 11 (2006) 007, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2006/11/007, arXiv:hep-ph/0606294

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006

[6] [6]

L. Randall and R. Sundrum, “An alternative to compactiﬁcation”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 4690, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4690, arXiv:hep-th/9906064

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[7] [7]

L. Randall and R. Sundrum, “A large mass hierarchy from a small extra dimension”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 3370, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3370, arXiv:hep-ph/9905221

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[8] [8]

ATLAS Collaboration, “Search for dilepton resonances in pp collisions at√s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (2011) 272002, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.272002, arXiv:1108.1582. 14 References

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011

[9] [9]

CMS Collaboration, “Search for resonances in the dilepton mass distribution in pp collisions at√s = 7 TeV”, JHEP 05 (2011) 093, doi:10.1007/JHEP05(2011)093, arXiv:1103.0981

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011

[10] [10]

D0 Collaboration, “Search for Randall-Sundrum gravitons in the dielectron and diphoton ﬁnal states with 5.4 fb−1 of data from p ¯p collisions at√s = 1.96 TeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 (2010) 241802, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.241802, arXiv:1004.1826

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2010

[11] [11]

D0 Collaboration, “Search for a heavy neutral gauge boson in the dielectron channel with 5.4 fb−1 of p ¯p collisions at√s = 1.96 TeV”, Phys. Lett. B 695 (2011) 88, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.10.059, arXiv:1008.2023

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011

[12] [12]

CDF Collaboration, “A search for high-mass resonances decaying to dimuons at CDF”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (2009) 091805, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.091805, arXiv:0811.0053

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2009

[13] [13]

CDF Collaboration, “Search for high-mass e+e− resonances in p ¯p collisions at√s = 1.96 TeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (2009) 031801, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.031801, arXiv:0810.2059

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2009

[14] [16]

DELPHI Collaboration, “Measurement and interpretation of fermion-pair production at LEP energies above the Z resonance”, Eur. Phys. J. C 45 (2006) 589, doi:10.1140/epjc/s2005-02461-0, arXiv:hep-ex/0512012

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006

[15] [17]

ALEPH Collaboration, “Fermion pair production in e+e− collisions at 189–209 GeV and constraints on physics beyond the standard model”, Eur. Phys. J. C 49 (2007) 411, doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-006-0156-8 , arXiv:hep-ex/0609051

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2007

[16] [18]

OPAL Collaboration, “Tests of the standard model and constraints on new physics from measurements of fermion-pair production at 189–209 GeV at LEP”, Eur. Phys. J. C 33 (2004) 173, doi:10.1140/epjc/s2004-01595-9, arXiv:hep-ex/0309053

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004

[17] [19]

L3 Collaboration, “Measurement of hadron and lepton-pair production in e+e− collisions at√s = 192–208 GeV at LEP”, Eur. Phys. J. C 47 (2006) 1, doi:10.1140/epjc/s2006-02539-1, arXiv:hep-ex/0603022

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006

[18] [20]

CMS Collaboration, “Absolute Calibration of the Luminosity Measurement at CMS: Winter 2012 Update”, CMS Physics Analysis Summary CMS-PAS-SMP-12-008, (2012)

View on Pith 2012

[19] [21]

CMS Collaboration, “The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC”, JINST 3 (2008) S08004, doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08004

View on Pith doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/s08004 2008

[20] [22]

CMS Collaboration, “The TriDAS Project Technical Design Report, volume I: The trigger systems”, CMS TDR CERN/LHCC 2000-038, (2000)

View on Pith 2000

[21] [23]

CMS Collaboration, “The TriDAS Project Technical Design Report, volume II: Data acquisition and high-level trigger”, CMS TDR CERN/LHCC 2002-026, (2002). References 15

View on Pith 2002

[22] [24]

CMS Collaboration, “Performance of muon identiﬁcation in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV”, CMS Physics Analysis Summary CMS-PAS-MUO-10-002, (2010)

View on Pith 2010

[23] [25]

CMS Collaboration, “Measurements of Inclusive W and Z Cross Sections in pp Collisions at√s = 7 TeV”, JHEP 01 (2010) 080, doi:10.1007/JHEP01(2011)080

View on Pith doi:10.1007/jhep01(2011)080 2010

[24] [26]

F. Maltoni and T. Stelzer, “MadEvent: Automatic event generation with MadGraph”, JHEP 02 (2003) 027, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2003/02/027, arXiv:hep-ph/0208156

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2003

[25] [27]

S. Alioli et al., “NLO vector-boson production matched with shower in POWHEG”, JHEP 07 (2008) 060, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2008/07/060, arXiv:0805.4802

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2008

[26] [28]

P . Nason, “A new method for combining NLO QCD with shower Monte Carlo algorithms”, JHEP 11 (2004) 040, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2004/11/040, arXiv:hep-ph/0409146

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004

[27] [29]

S. Frixione, P . Nason, and C. Oleari, “Matching NLO QCD computations with Parton Shower simulations: the POWHEG method”, JHEP 11 (2007) 070, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/11/070, arXiv:0709.2092

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2007

[28] [30]

T. Sj ¨ostrand, S. Mrenna, and P . Z. Skands, “PYTHIA 6.4 physics and manual”, JHEP 05 (2006) 026, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2006/05/026, arXiv:hep-ph/0603175

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006

[29] [31]

CMS Collaboration, “Measurement of the Underlying Event Activity at the LHC with√s = 7 TeV and Comparison with√s = 0.9 TeV”, JHEP 09 (2011) 109, doi:10.1007/JHEP09(2011)109

View on Pith doi:10.1007/jhep09(2011)109 2011

[30] [32]

J. Pumplin et al., “New generation of parton distributions with uncertainties from global QCD analysis”, JHEP 07 (2002) 012, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2002/07/012, arXiv:hep-ph/0201195

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2002

[31] [33]

H.-L. Lai et al., “New parton distributions for collider physics”, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 074024, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.074024, arXiv:hep-ph/1007.2241

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2010

[32] [34]

GEANT4 Collaboration, “GEANT4–a simulation toolkit”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 506 (2003) 250, doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8

View on Pith doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01368-8 2003

[33] [35]

J. M. Campbell and R. K. Ellis, “MCFM for the Tevatron and the LHC”, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 205-206 (2010) 10, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2010.08.011, arXiv:hep-ph/1007.3492

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2010

[34] [36]

R. Kleiss and W. J. Stirling, “Top quark production at hadron colliders: Some useful formulae”, Z. Phys. C 40 (1988) 419, doi:10.1007/BF01548856

View on Pith doi:10.1007/bf01548856 1988

[35] [37]

K. Melnikov and F. Petriello, “Electroweak gauge boson production at hadron colliders throughO(α2s )”, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 114017, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.114017, arXiv:hep-ph/0609070

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2006

[36] [38]

E. Accomando et al., “Z’ physics with early LHC data”, Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) 075012, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.83.075012, arXiv:1010.6058

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011

[37] [39]

R. Hamberg, W. L. van Neerven, and T. Matsuura, “A complete calculation of the order α2S correction to the Drell–Yan K factor”, Nucl. Phys. B 359 (1991) 343, doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90064-5. Erratum: – ibid. B644 (2002) 403. 16 References

View on Pith doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90064-5 1991

[38] [40]

W. L. van Neerven and E. B. Zijlstra, “The O( α2S) corrected Drell–Yan K-factor in the DIS and MS schemes”, Nucl. Phys. B 382 (1992) 11, doi:10.1016/0550-3213(92)90078-P. Erratum – ibid. B680 (2004) 513

View on Pith doi:10.1016/0550-3213(92)90078-p 1992

[39] [41]

P . Mathews, V . Ravindran, and K. Sridhar, “NLO-QCD corrections to dilepton production in the Randall- Sundrum model”, JHEP 10 (2005) 031, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2005/10/031, arXiv:hep-ph/0506158

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2005

[40] [42]

CDF Collaboration, “Search for New Dielectron Resonances and Randall-Sundrum Gravitons at the Collider Detector at Fermilab”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (2011) 051801, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.051801, arXiv:1103.4650

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011

[41] [43]

CDF Collaboration, “Search for High Mass Resonances Decaying to Muon Pairs in√s = 1.96 TeV p ¯p Collisions”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 121801, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.121801, arXiv:1101.4578

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2011

[42] [44]

M. Carena et al., “ Z′ gauge bosons at the Tevatron”, Phys. Rev. D 70 (2004) 093009, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.093009, arXiv:hep-ph/0408098. 17 A The CMS Collaboration Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia S. Chatrchyan, V . Khachatryan, A.M. Sirunyan, A. Tumasyan Institut f ¨ ur Hochenergiephysik der OeAW, Wien, Austria W. Adam, T. Bergauer, M. Dragi...

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2004