MadEvent: Automatic Event Generation with MadGraph

Fabio Maltoni; Tim Stelzer

REVIEW

MadEvent: Automatic Event Generation with MadGraph

Fabio Maltoni, Tim Stelzer

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 15 Aug 2002 · 23 references

Pith's verdict: The decomposition in Eq. 2.5 is a real and exact idea with a working public implementation; the efficiency claim that motivates it is asserted, never measured.

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arXiv IDhep-ph/0208156 (version 1)

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CitationFabio Maltoni, Tim Stelzer. "MadEvent: Automatic Event Generation with MadGraph." arXiv:hep-ph/0208156 (2002). https://pith.science/paper/IUUNPYXN

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Editor's note

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The thing to take from this paper is Eq. 2.5: split the squared amplitude into per-diagram pieces f_i = (|A_i|^2 / sum_j |A_j|^2) |A_tot|^2, give each piece a channel built from that diagram's propagators, and integrate them independently. That is an exact identity, it is not in Kleiss-Pittau [13] or in Phegas/AMEGIC++ [6,7], and it buys two things that matter: per-channel cost does not grow with the number of channels, and the channels parallelize and reweight by their measured I_i/I. The implementation is real, not a sketch: public code, a web front end, and benchmark tables for W/Z+jets, t-tbar, b-bbar, t-tbar-h and W-h at both machines, with agreement claimed against VECBOS, Wbbgen, MCFM and the four-bottom generator of Ref. [19]. The authors are also upfront about the ten-thousand-diagram ceiling and about W+5 jets sitting near it. That kind of candour is worth noting. The soft spot is the paper's own selling point. Section 2 argues qualitatively that per-channel cost is independent of channel count, but there is no timing table, no variance comparison against [13], and no convergence study. The cross-section agreement is called good without a single number shown, and the tables carry only a blanket percent-level error. For a methods paper whose claim is efficiency, that is the evidence a referee will want. On the stress-test point about f_i = |A_i|^2 R with R = |A_tot|^2 / sum_j |A_j|^2: the concern is real but bounded. Cauchy-Schwarz caps R at the diagram count, which is a modest factor next to the orders-of-magnitude swing |A_i|^2 itself shows near a pole. Where destructive interference drives R toward zero, that channel's I_i is small and noisy relative to its nominal weight, which is a bookkeeping nuisance rather than a correctness problem. The paper simply never measures R's spread. One sharper writing gap: the paper says diagrams can be dropped or grouped, but never states that the denominator sum and A_tot must then be restricted to the retained set. As written, dropping a channel reads as exact when it is an approximation. One sentence fixes it. Same for 'the evaluation of the weight in one channel does not require the computation of the others' — true of the densities g_i, not of f_i, which needs every A_j. Minor, but the phrasing oversells. This is for anyone building or using tree-level multi-parton generators; the tool became standard for good reason. Send it out.

Referee report

Significance

If the efficiency claims hold, this is a genuinely useful contribution: the decomposition is an exact algebraic identity, the mappings are generated automatically from the same diagrams that produce the amplitudes, and the resulting package produces both cross sections and unweighted events in the Les Houches format. The benchmark tables in Tables 2–4 are a durable community resource, and the cross-checks against independent codes are the right validation strategy. The paper is also candid about its present reach, stating in Section 4 that the package is limited to ten thousand diagrams per subprocess and that W+5 jets is close to that limit. The strengths are real; what is missing is quantitative evidence for the property that motivates the method in the first place.

Major objections (4)

[Section 2, Eq. (2.5) and the sentence immediately following it] The efficiency argument rests on the assertion that 'the peak structure of each f_i is the same as of the single squared amplitude |A_i|^2.' This is not literally true: f_i = |A_i|^2 R with R = |A_tot|^2 / Σ_j |A_j|^2, and R is not constant. Cauchy-Schwarz bounds 0 ≤ R ≤ n_diagrams, so the distortion is bounded, but it is largest precisely where diagrams interfere, including some collinear and on-shell regions where the mapping is supposed to be doing its work. The identity in Eq. (2.5) is exact and the cross sections are therefore not in question; what is unargued is that a single-diagram mapping remains efficient for f_i. The manuscript should state this assumption explicitly and give at least one measurement of the spread of R (or, equivalently, of the per-channel variance) for a representative process such as W+3 jets.
[Section 2, paragraph beginning 'Decomposing the integration of the amplitude into n independent integrations'] The statement that 'the evaluation of the weight in one channel does not require the computation of the others' is true of the densities g_i but not of the integrands f_i, since f_i requires every amplitude A_j through both |A_tot|^2 and the denominator. The saving is in the mapping evaluation, not in the amplitude evaluation, and the amplitude cost still scales with the number of diagrams. As written, the sentence overstates the gain and supports the subsequent claim that 'the complexity of the computation does not increase with the number of channels.' The distinction should be made precise, and the claim about complexity should be qualified to refer to the statistical/channel-combination cost rather than the matrix-element cost.
[Section 2, discussion of dropping and grouping diagrams] The paper permits diagrams to be dropped from Eq. (2.5) when they show no peaked behaviour, and permits grouping when the resulting g_i is predicted by general arguments. For the identity Σ_i f_i = |A_tot|^2 to survive this licence, the denominator Σ_j |A_j|^2 must run over the retained set only; if it ran over all diagrams, dropping a channel would bias the total low by exactly the dropped contribution. The manuscript does not state which convention is used. This is a correctness risk in the stated formula, not merely a presentation issue, and it should be fixed by an explicit sentence defining the index set in Eq. (2.5).
[Section 3, Tables 2–4] The paper's headline is a new integration method whose selling points are reduced per-channel cost, parallelism, and reweighting by α_i = I_i/I, yet Section 3 reports only cross sections with the blanket statement that 'statistical errors for all processes are at the percent level.' There is no timing comparison against a standard multi-channel integration, no variance or convergence study, no count of channels or Monte Carlo points per process, and no unweighting efficiency for the event samples, even though unweighted event generation is one of the two deliverables named in the abstract. Without at least one such measurement the central methodological claim is asserted rather than demonstrated. A single table giving, for one or two processes, the number of channels, the per-channel α_i, the variance, and the CPU time relative to a conventional multi-channel run would settle the point.

Minor objections (7)

[Section 3, Tables 2–4] The captions state that statistical errors are at the percent level but no per-entry uncertainties are quoted. Since these tables are offered as benchmarks, individual errors should be given, at least for the smallest entries where the percent-level claim is least informative.
[Section 3, paragraph on comparisons with other codes] The statement that results were compared with VECBOS, Wbbgen, MCFM, and Ref. [19] and 'found good agreement' is qualitative. A short table of the numerical ratios for a few representative entries would make the validation checkable rather than asserted.
[Section 2, definition of α_i] The prescription α_i = I_i/I presupposes knowledge of the I_i, so in practice a first pass is needed before reweighting. The manuscript should describe the two-stage procedure, state how many iterations are used, and say whether the α_i are frozen for event generation.
[Section 2, Eq. (2.5)] The symbol n is used both for the number of channels and, implicitly, for the number of retained diagrams, and the reduction by k! for k identical final-state particles is mentioned without a worked example. Defining the index set explicitly and giving one concrete count (for instance for a two-jet final state) would remove the ambiguity.
[Table 1] The kinematic cuts ET > 10 GeV and |η| < 2.5 are stated to apply to all final-state particles, but neutrinos from W → eν have no meaningful η. The treatment of missing transverse energy in the single-vector-boson entries of Table 2 should be stated explicitly.
[Section 3, first paragraph] The sentence 'In the single vector boson production, final states are leptons and so that the vector bosons are not contrained to be on-shell' is difficult to parse and contains a typographical error. It should be rewritten to say plainly that the vector bosons are not forced on shell and that γ*/Z interference is included.
[Section 4] 'ten thousands diagrams' should read 'ten thousand diagrams'.

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The paper

The paper claims

The paper proposes replacing one hard multi-channel Monte Carlo integral with one independent integration per Feynman diagram, each mapped by its own channel, and implements the scheme in the event generator MadEvent.

The reading

Generating simulated collisions for processes with many jets is hard for two reasons: the number of parton-level subprocesses explodes (the paper counts 498 distinct subprocesses for $W$ plus four jets at a proton–proton collider), and each squared amplitude has sharp peaks spread over a high-dimensional phase space. The standard fix is multi-channel Monte Carlo, where several mappings of the integration variables are blended with weights $g(Φ) = Σ_i α_i g_i(Φ)$; the paper argues this becomes inefficient and hard to control as channels multiply, because every sampled point forces you to evaluate all channels. The authors propose instead to write the integrand exactly as a sum of non-negative pieces, one per Feynman diagram, each weighted by that diagram's share of the total squared amplitude, and to integrate each piece separately with a mapping read off that diagram's propagators. If this works, the cost of a channel no longer depends on how many other channels exist, the integrations can be run on separate machines, and computing time can be steered toward the channels that actually contribute. The paper backs the scheme with benchmark cross sections at the Tevatron and the LHC for vector-boson, heavy-quark, and Higgs processes accompanied by jets.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the diagram-by-diagram decomposition $f_i = (|A_i|^2 / Σ_j |A_j|^2)|A_{tot}|^2$, paired with a channel $g_i$ obtained from the propagator structure of diagram $i$. The decomposition does the bookkeeping: it converts a single integrand with many overlapping peaks into a set of integrands each of which is supposed to have one dominant peak, and it makes the sum over diagrams a sum over independent Monte Carlo runs. The mapping does the work: because a propagator going on shell or a collinear splitting produces a known peak shape, MadGraph can read off, per diagram, the variable transformation that flattens that peak, and hand it to MadEvent. Together they turn the question 'which channel should I sample this point from?' into 'which diagram does this point belong to?', which is answered before any sampling happens.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is an identity plus an efficiency argument. The identity is that the squared amplitude can be decomposed as $f = Σ_i f_i$ with $f_i = (|A_i|^2 / Σ_j |A_j|^2) |A_{tot}|^2$, where $A_i$ is a single Feynman diagram and $A_{tot} = Σ_i A_i$; each $f_i$ is non-negative and the pieces sum exactly to $|A_{tot}|^2$, so the total integral is a sum of $n$ independent integrals, $I = Σ_i I_i$. The efficiency argument is that the peak structure of each $f_i$ is claimed to be the same as that of the single squared diagram $|A_i|^2$, so a single channel $g_i$ derived from the propagator structure of diagram $i$ is enough to map it. The authors call this Single-Diagram-Enhanced multi-channel integration, and they list its consequences: a weight in one channel never requires computing the others, so the computational complexity does not grow with the number of channels; the channels are parallel in nature; and the analogue of the usual blending weights can be set to $α_i = I_i / I$, so that Monte Carlo effort tracks each channel's share of the answer. They also note the decomposition is modular: identical final-state particles allow a reduction by $k!$, diagrams with no peaked behaviour can be dropped, and diagrams can be grouped when coherence arguments predict the combined mapping. MadEvent, built on a new version of MadGraph, automates the whole chain from a user-specified process to amplitudes, phase-space mappings, cross sections, and unweighted events in the Les Houches format.

Load-bearing premise

The efficiency claim depends on the assertion that each piece $f_i$ has the same peak structure as the single squared diagram $|A_i|^2$, even though $f_i$ also carries the multiplicative factor $|A_{tot}|^2 / Σ_j |A_j|^2$, which is not constant and can vary sharply wherever diagrams interfere.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Cross sections and unweighted event samples for high-multiplicity processes such as $W$ plus up to four jets, $t\bar{t}$ plus jets, and $b\bar{b}b\bar{b}$ plus jets become obtainable from a single automated tool, with the paper's benchmark tables at $\sqrt{s}=2$ TeV and $14$ TeV serving as reference values.
Because each channel is an independent integration, the work can be spread across a farm of machines and combined only at the end, and channels with small $α_i = I_i/I$ can be sampled with fewer points for a fixed target accuracy.
Phase-space mappings for processes with several competing on-shell regions, such as $W^+W^-$ where a $Z$ and a $W$, or both $W$'s, can be near their masses, are generated automatically rather than by hand, so no approximation needs to be introduced there.
The generated events carry spin, colour connection, and flavour information per final-state parton in the Les Houches format, so they can be passed to a shower and hadronization program without further processing.
The approach inherits a practical ceiling from the diagram count rather than from the integration: the package as shipped handles up to ten thousand diagrams per subprocess, which makes $W$ plus five jets feasible but close to the limit.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The decomposition is exact for any set of diagrams, so the method's real content is a statement about variance, not about correctness; a natural test would be to compare per-channel variance against a conventional multi-channel fit on a process with strong interference, where the ratio $|A_{tot}|^2 / Σ_j |A_j|^2$ swings widely.
If the per-diagram mapping is efficient, the same decomposition should be usable as a Born-level sampling engine for matching to parton showers, since each event would arrive already tagged with the diagram that generated it.
The scheme suggests a diagnostic for interference: the ratio $|A_{tot}|^2 / Σ_j |A_j|^2$ is a bounded, computable quantity per phase-space point, and its distribution over the sample would quantify how much of the integrand is genuinely multi-diagram rather than single-diagram.
Because channels can be dropped or merged without breaking the identity, the method invites a cost-aware pruning rule: keep only diagrams whose $I_i$ exceeds some fraction of $I$, and the residual bias is bounded by the discarded integrals.

Original abstract

We present a new multi-channel integration method and its implementation in the multi-purpose event generator MadEvent, which is based on MadGraph. Given a process, MadGraph automatically identifies all the relevant subprocesses, generates both the amplitudes and the mappings needed for an efficient integration over the phase space, and passes them to MadEvent. As a result, a process-specific, stand-alone code is produced that allows the user to calculate cross sections and produce unweighted events in a standard output format. Several examples are given for processes that are relevant for physics studies at present and forthcoming colliders.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 3,605 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.09 · states limitation 0.05 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.04 · compares with prior results 0.07 · mentions code or data availability 0.21.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We present a new multi-channel integration method and its implementation in the multi-purpose event generator MadEvent, which is based on MadGraph. Given a process, MadGraph automatically identifies all the relevant subprocesses, generates both the amplitudes and the mappings needed for an efficient integration over the phase space, and passes them to MadEvent. As a result, a process-specific, stand-alone code is produced that allows the user to calculate cross sections and produce unweighted events in a standard output format. Several examples are given for processes that are relevant for physics studies at present and forthcoming colliders.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We present a new multi-channel integration method and its implementation in the multi-purpose event generator MadEvent, which is based on MadGraph.	contribution 1.00	0.90	0.29	asserted 1.00
s1	Given a process, MadGraph automatically identifies all the relevant subprocesses, generates both the amplitudes and the mappings needed for an efficient integration over the phase space, and passes them to MadEvent.	method 0.98	0.41	0.07	asserted 1.00
s2	As a result, a process-specific, stand-alone code is produced that allows the user to calculate cross sections and produce unweighted events in a standard output format.	result 0.61	0.68	0.29	asserted 1.00
s3	Several examples are given for processes that are relevant for physics studies at present and forthcoming colliders.	contribution 0.58	0.80	0.06	asserted 0.99

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: method or tool 1.00 · evidence from simulation or computation 0.99.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

References

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F. Maltoni, K. Paul, T. Stelzer, and S. Willenbrock, in preparation, . – 9 – Process+n jets n order unit Tevatron LHC 0 758 3850 (3450) 1 182 1700 (1520) e+νe (e− ¯νe) 2 α2emαnS pb 46.6 742 (642) 3 12.0 337 (279) 4 3.19 156 (122) 0 210 1000 1 46.2 398 e+e− 2 α2emαnS pb 12.6 179 3 3.30 79.0 4 0.871 35.1 0 427 2330 (1770) e+νe (e− ¯νe) b¯b 1 α2emαn+2S fb 19...

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A fully automated procedure decays narrow resonances in Monte Carlo events while preserving spin correlations and finite-width effects, implemented as the MadSpin tool in MadGraph5.
A Stealth Supersymmetry Sampler
hep-ph 2012-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Supersymmetric models with a nearly degenerate stealth sector can produce high-multiplicity, low-missing-energy events that current LHC missing-energy searches do not constrain.
Performance of tau-lepton reconstruction and identification in CMS
physics.ins-det 2011-09 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

CMS's decay-mode-based tau identification algorithms achieve about 50% efficiency for hadronic tau decays with roughly 1% jet misidentification, and simulation reproduces the data within 7 to 24% uncertainties.
Matching Tree-Level Matrix Elements with Interleaved Showers
hep-ph 2011-09 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

A working CKKW-L merging implementation in PYTHIA8 shows that residual merging-scale dependence is dominated by the shower's enforced rapidity ordering, not by the merging scheme itself.
Flavored Dark Matter, and Its Implications for Direct Detection and Colliders
hep-ph 2011-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Dark matter carrying tau flavor yields a four-lepton plus missing-energy LHC signal whose charge and flavor pattern can separate it from flavor-blind dark matter models.
Heavy Vector-like Top Partners at the LHC and flavour constraints
hep-ph 2011-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A vector-like SU(2) doublet with hypercharge 7/6 survives all current flavour and precision bounds for top-partner masses down to roughly 300 GeV, and its flavour-changing Z couplings make single production a competit...
UFO - The Universal FeynRules Output
hep-ph 2011-08 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The paper introduces UFO, an object-oriented Python model format that any matrix-element generator can load directly, plus the FeynRules interface that generates it automatically from a Lagrangian.
Stealth Supersymmetry
hep-ph 2011-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Supersymmetry can be hidden from missing-energy searches if a light hidden-sector supermultiplet is split by only a few GeV, so decays to the gravitino release almost no invisible momentum.
A superspace module for the FeynRules package
hep-ph 2011-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A Mathematica module expands N=1 superfield expressions into component fields and generates the supersymmetry-fixed kinetic and gauge terms automatically, so a SUSY model needs only its superpotential and soft-breakin...
Measurement of B anti-B Angular Correlations based on Secondary Vertex Reconstruction at sqrt(s)=7 TeV
hep-ex 2011-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Using secondary-vertex reconstruction on 3.1 inverse picobarns of 7 TeV CMS data, beauty quark pairs are found to be produced at small angular separation far more often than leading-order back-to-back intuition sugges...
First Measurement of the Cross Section for Top-Quark Pair Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV
hep-ex 2010-10 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The CMS experiment measured the top-quark pair production cross section at 7 TeV to be 194 ± 72 (stat) ± 24 (syst) ± 21 (lumi) pb, based on 11 dilepton events against 2.1 expected background.
A proposal for a standard interface between Monte Carlo tools and one-loop programs
hep-ph 2010-01 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The paper specifies a two-phase interface, an order file and a contract file for setup plus two function calls at run time, that lets any Monte Carlo generator request one-loop interference terms from any one-loop provider.
Automation of next-to-leading order computations in QCD: the FKS subtraction
hep-ph 2009-08 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The authors automate the Frixione-Kunszt-Signer subtraction formalism inside MadGraph, producing MadFKS, a code that computes NLO QCD cross sections for arbitrary processes in e+e- collisions given the finite virtual ...
A comprehensive approach to new physics simulations
hep-ph 2009-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A single Lagrangian-level model description in FeynRules, exported through dedicated interfaces, yields mutually consistent implementations in FeynArts/FormCalc, CalcHep, MadGraph/MadEvent and Sherpa, validated across...
Searching for the light dark gauge boson in GeV-scale experiments
hep-ph 2009-04 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

A GeV-scale dark photon with coupling 10^-3 to 10^-5 of the photon is within reach of B-factories, meson factories, and especially a dedicated fixed-target experiment reaching 10^-5 to 10^-6.
Automated one-loop calculations: a proof of concept
hep-ph 2009-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A fully automated numerical pipeline built from HELAC and CutTools computes one-loop QCD virtual amplitudes for arbitrary processes with full color and helicity treatment, demonstrated on the Les Houches wish-list sub...
The Search for Heavy Majorana Neutrinos
hep-ph 2009-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Resonant exchange of a heavy Majorana neutrino would enhance 36 lepton-number-violating tau and meson decays, and existing null searches already bound the relevant mixing products to roughly 10^-6 to 10^-9, while the ...
Non-Abelian Dark Sectors and Their Collider Signatures
hep-ph 2009-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A GeV-scale non-abelian dark sector linked to the Standard Model only by kinetic mixing yields collimated multi-lepton jets at hadron colliders, and the same mixing can radiatively generate the GeV scale through an ef...
VBFNLO: A parton level Monte Carlo for processes with electroweak bosons
hep-ph 2008-11 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

VBFNLO releases a single public Monte Carlo program that computes vector boson fusion and multi-boson processes at next-to-leading order in QCD, including Higgs decays with spin correlations and several beyond-Standar...
QCD radiation in the production of heavy colored particles at the LHC
hep-ph 2008-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Matched matrix-element plus parton-shower samples remove most of the shower-parameter spread in QCD radiation for heavy colored production, and in two benchmark SUSY scenarios a shower-only simulation would support a ...
Comix, a new matrix element generator
hep-ph 2008-08 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

Comix computes tree-level scattering amplitudes for many-particle final states by colour-dressed recursion, with two new phase space integrators that keep computation cost growing only polynomially with multiplicity.
Substructure of high-p_T Jets at the LHC
hep-ph 2008-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Planar flow and angularities, measured on single high-mass jets, separate boosted heavy-particle decays from QCD background, with the case resting on leading-order jet functions and MadGraph/Sherpa simulation.
Single-top hadroproduction in association with a W boson
hep-ph 2008-05 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The Wt single-top channel is implemented at NLO plus parton shower, and two concrete prescriptions for removing top-pair contamination are defined and compared, bounding the residual interference at the few-percent le...
Type-III see-saw at LHC
hep-ph 2008-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A TeV-scale SU(2) fermion triplet would yield lepton-flavor- and lepton-number-violating multi-jet final states at the LHC, and its potentially centimeter-scale lifetime would let displaced vertices measure neutrino m...
Top pair invariant mass distribution: a window on new physics
hep-ph 2007-12 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The shape of the top-antitop invariant mass spectrum is under good theoretical control and carries distinctive fingerprints of heavy resonances, so a peak-plus-angular-analysis strategy can identify new physics and po...
Automating dipole subtraction for QCD NLO calculations
hep-ph 2007-09 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The authors automate the construction and phase-space integration of Catani-Seymour dipole subtraction terms for arbitrary massless QCD processes within AMEGIC++, validated against the DISENT code and by parameter-ind...
A simple shower and matching algorithm
hep-ph 2007-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A subtractive matching scheme lets a leading-log parton shower reproduce tree-level and one-loop matrix elements for any number of extra partons, with the shower's arbitrary finite terms cancelled and their spread use...
MARMOSET: The Path from LHC Data to the New Standard Model via On-Shell Effective Theories
hep-ph 2007-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A framework and Monte Carlo tool that describe LHC new-physics signals in terms of on-shell particle masses, cross sections and branching ratios, demonstrated on simulated black-box data challenges.
The Bulk RS KK-gluon at the LHC
hep-ph 2007-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A bulk Randall-Sundrum KK gluon decaying to boosted top pairs can be discovered at the LHC up to about 5 TeV, provided a top-tagging algorithm rejects QCD dijets by a factor of 10, and its spin and top chirality can t...
The one-loop amplitude for six-gluon scattering
hep-ph 2006-02 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The one-loop amplitude for six-gluon scattering is computed semi-numerically for all helicities, with previously unknown scalar-loop contributions presented for most helicity choices.
Simulations and flavour-scheme studies for Higgs-boson production in association with charm quarks
hep-ph 2026-08 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

A comprehensive NLO+PS and NNLO+PS study of H+c production comparing massive and massless flavour schemes, leading to first practical recommendations for LHC simulations.
Sensitivity to $\mathcal{CP}$-violating effective couplings in the top-Higgs sector
hep-ph 2024-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Combining ttbar H and single-top H production at the LHC can separate the real and imaginary parts of a CP-violating top Yukawa coupling, with projected HL-LHC constraints about twice as strong as current ATLAS bounds.
Neural Network-Based Approach to Phase Space Integration
hep-ph 2018-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A smooth neural-network map learns multi-dimensional phase-space densities well enough to reach 30 to 75 percent unweighting efficiency on resonance and QCD-singularity examples, without aligning coordinates to the features.
Search for chargino-neutralino production using recursive jigsaw reconstruction in final states with two or three charged leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
hep-ex 2018-06 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

A recursive-jigsaw search for chargino-neutralino pair production finds no excess at large mass splitting, excludes masses up to 600 GeV for a massless LSP, and reports local excesses up to 3.0 sigma in low-mass regions.
Search for the third-generation scalar leptoquarks and heavy right-handed neutrinos in final states with two tau leptons and two jets in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV
hep-ex 2017-03 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

No excess over standard-model backgrounds is found; third-generation leptoquarks below 850 GeV and right-handed W bosons below 2.9 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.
KaTie: for parton-level event generation with k_T-dependent initial states
hep-ph 2016-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

KaTie is a documented, downloadable event generator that turns off-shell (kT-dependent) partonic matrix elements and TMD parton densities into weighted collision events, including multi-parton scattering.
Measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of weak vector bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV
hep-ex 2016-06 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

CMS measured the transverse momentum spectra of W and Z bosons at 8 TeV in electron and muon channels, with ratios of W- to W+ and Z to W, and compared them to RESBOS, POWHEG and FEWZ predictions.
Search for pair-produced vectorlike B quarks in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV
hep-ex 2015-07 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

No evidence for pair-produced vectorlike B quarks in 8 TeV CMS data; masses below 740 to 900 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, depending on the branching fractions to tW, bZ, and bH.
Measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates and coupling strengths using $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and $8$ TeV in the ATLAS experiment
hep-ex 2015-07 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Combining seven Higgs decay channels plus off-shell constraints, ATLAS measures a global signal strength of 1.18 and finds Higgs couplings to fermions and vector bosons consistent with the Standard Model.
Search for vector-like $B$ quarks in events with one isolated lepton, missing transverse momentum and jets at $\sqrt{s}=$ 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
hep-ex 2015-03 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

No excess over Standard Model backgrounds in 20.3 fb^-1 of 8 TeV ATLAS data yields 95% CL lower mass limits of 810 GeV for a chiral vector-like B quark, 640 GeV for an SU(2) singlet B, and 840 GeV for T5/3.
Playing Tag with ANN: Boosted Top Identification with Pattern Recognition
hep-ph 2015-01 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A feed-forward neural network fed 30x30 calorimeter-cell images of jets outperforms the d12, template-overlap, and N-subjettiness top taggers in Monte Carlo, reaching 60% signal efficiency at 4% mistag for 1.1 to 1.2 ...

See all 111 Pith citations

How later papers used it

269 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 254 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 189 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 40 of the 335 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

29 later papers by other authors are listed below: 29 used its method or tool.

Uses its method or tool 29 of 185 papers with this label

Generated its signal and background tree-level matrix elements with the MadEvent package, modified to include anomalous triple gauge couplings.

Scrutinizing the ZW+W- vertex at the Large Hadron Collider at 7 TeV (2010) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its signals and backgrounds using the MadGraph/MadEvent v4.3 package.

Associated Production of Non-Standard Higgs Bosons at the LHC (2011) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated all its signal and background events for ttbar at tree level using this paper and showered them using another work.

Unburied Higgs (2010) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Simulated its signal and background for the LHC at 14 TeV with this paper.

Single production of an exotic bottom partner at LHC (2013) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Simulated its Z' signal with MadGraph5 and MadEvent using the same simulation parameters as another work.

Leptonic Monotops at LHC (2013) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Simulated its processes with the MadGraph 4.4 Monte Carlo event generator for the indicated dark matter particle masses.

Anti-deuterons from heavy Dark Matter (2009) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its parton-level signal and background processes apart from ttbar production with Madgraph4.4.32.

Light Stop Searches at the LHC in Events with two b-Jets and Missing Energy (2010) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Used Madgraph to estimate the Standard Model background.

Dilepton + jet signature of Split-UED at the LHC (2013) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
First used madgraph to produce matrix-element-generated gg to H to VVZl+l- signal events.

Supersymmetry without a light Higgs boson at the LHC (2007) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its events with MadGraph, then carried out initial and final state radiation and fragmentation with Pythia.

$\mathscr{O}(100 GeV)$ Deci-weak $W^\prime/Z^\prime$ at Tevatron and LHC (2011) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Simulated its bbarb W±+jets background using this paper to generate a sample of bbarb W±+2 jet events.

Single Slepton Production in association with a single Top Quark at the Tevatron and LHC (2008) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated Monte Carlo event samples with the Pythia and Madgraph programs for its studies.

Inclusive search for squarks and gluinos in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV (2011) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its signal events with MadGraph/MadEvent and used ALPGEN to generate the background events.

Higgs Boson Search Sensitivity in the $H \to WW$ Dilepton Decay Mode at $\sqrt s = 7$ and 10 TeV (2010) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Performed its parton-level analyses using the stand-alone package of MADGRAPH supplemented by new states and interactions.

Signals for New Spin-1 Resonances in Electroweak Gauge Boson Pair Production at the LHC (2009) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Made its simulated top-quark pair production samples using the MADGRAPH event generator, then processed them with PYTHIA and a full CMS detector simulation.

Top Quark Studies with the first CMS Data (2010) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its simulated samples with a boson using the 4.4.13 event generator, interfaced to the 6.422 program for parton shower simulation.

Jet Production Rates in Association with W and Z Bosons in pp Collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV (2011) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Performed all its calculations at tree level using MadEvent, modified to allow for non-standard values of lambda.

Measuring the Higgs Boson Self-coupling at High Energy e^+e^- Colliders (2009) · 0.98 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Used madevent for the WZ background.

Search for new physics in the mu+mu+e/mu+met channel with a low-pT lepton threshold at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (2008) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
QCD and irreducible background samples are produced with PHANTOM, $tt̅$, W+jet and $tt̅$W backgrounds are generated with Madgraph [ref] and the other backgrounds are simulated with PYTHIA at a collision energy of $√(s)=$10 TeV.

Same Sign WW Scattering Process as a Probe of Higgs Boson in pp Collision at $\sqrt{s}$ = 10 TeV (2010) · Monte Carlo Samples · 1.00
Generated its events using the MADGRAPH event generator and PYTHIA for parton shower and hadronization.

Electroweakinos in the Light of the Higgs Boson (2013) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Calculated all its other background processes using MadEvent.

High p_T Top Quarks at the Large Hadron Collider (2007) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its W±W∓jj, W±W±jj and ZZjj backgrounds using MADGRAPH and passed them to PYTHIA for ISR/FSR effects.

Dileptonic signatures of T-odd quarks at the LHC (2009) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its t-channel Monte Carlo events with the 4.4 event generator.

Measurement of the t-channel single top quark production cross section in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV (2011) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Calculated its Standard Model background using the event generation package of Madgraph and Madevent, with slight modifications to extract polarized cross sections.

Single Production of Doubly Charged Higgsinos at linear e-e- colliders (2007) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Generated its parton-level events with MadGraph/MadEvent for squark pair production and decay and for q' pair production and decay.

Initial determination of the spins of the gluino and squarks at LHC (2008) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Used Madgraph to simulate both its signal and background processes.

Discovering hidden sectors with mono-photon Z' searches (2008) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Used the matching utility in MadEvent to combine 3(+jet(s)) processes for its backgrounds.

The LHC Phenomenology of Vectorlike Confinement (2010) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Made simulations with the computer program MadGraph/MadEvent to generate many sets of event samples.

A composite Higgs model analysis of forward-backward asymmetries in the production of tops at Tevatron and bottoms at LEP and SLC (2010) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Simulated its top quark samples with Madgraph.

Performance of tau-lepton reconstruction and identification in CMS (2011) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

244 arXiv papers cite this in 308 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 61 sentences without a confident label

Contests it 1 paper

In particular, the region where the contributions of gluon-splitting processes are expected to be large is not adequately described by any of the predictions from MC@NLO [ref] , Cascade [ref] , [ref] , or MadGraph [ref] .

Study of $b\bar{b}$ correlations in high energy proton-proton collisions · Introduction · contest 0.85

Uses its method or tool 169 papers

The signal and backgrounds were simulated at the parton level with full tree level matrix elements generated with the package MadEvent [ref] conveniently modified to include the anomalous TGV's.

Scrutinizing the ZW+W- vertex at the Large Hadron Collider at 7 TeV · Introduction · 1.00
All calculations presented here have been performed at tree-level using MadEvent [ref] which has been modified to allow for non-standard values of $λ$.

Measuring the Higgs Boson Self-coupling at High Energy e^+e^- Colliders · Calculational details · 0.98
In Table [ref], the cross section for the signal and irreducible background for the process in Eq. ([ref]) are shown for three values of the Higgs boson mass, as independently obtained by the Monte Carlo event generators ALPGEN [ref] , and MadEvent [ref] , with the choice of parameters described in [ref] .

Rescuing H -> bb in VBF at the LHC by requiring a central photon · Production rates: signal versus background · 0.82

Uses its data or values 3 papers

A sample of events from production in the t-channel in association with a $b$-jet and a light jet $j$ () are generated with MadGraph [ref] interfaced with Pythia8; the normalization of the production cross section is taken from Refs. [ref] .

Measurement of Higgs boson production in the diphoton decay channel in $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector · Data and Monte Carlo samples · 0.85
The small contribution from production of single top quarks is estimated using madevent [ref] and pythia normalized to the NLO cross section [ref] .

Search for Standard Model Higgs Bosons Produced in Association with W Bosons · Introduction · 0.87
Contributions from diboson production ($VV$, where $V = W$ or $Z/^⋆$), based on a leading-order production cross section of $σ_VV=4.8$ pb [ref] , and electroweak single-top production in the $tW$ channel ($σ_tW=10.6$ pb [ref] ) are modeled with the event generator and are processed in an equivalent fashion as the simulated $$ sample used to assess the signal yield.

First Measurement of the Cross Section for Top-Quark Pair Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV · Introduction · 0.80

Compares with it 10 papers

We compared the tree-level (Born and real-emission) matrix elements to those obtained from [ref] , while the matix element for the virtual correction, including the first three terms in the Laurent expansion in the dimensional regularisation parameter $$ was compared to that from [ref] in randomly chosen phase space points.

Top quark pair production in association with a Z-boson at NLO accuracy · Introduction · 1.00
We first validate the algorithm by using the simple LO cross section from eq:losigma and comparing the output of with that of [ref] .

GenEvA (II): A phase space generator from a reweighted parton shower · Results · 0.99
The cross sections fall rapidly with $R^-1$ and vary over several orders of magnitude, $q^1Z^1$ having the smallest cross section and $Q^1W^1$ the largest (in $pb$ order for $R^-1 ∼500$ GeV)[Our cross sections are in almost complete agreement with the ones obtained using MADGRAPH [ref] and FEYNRULES [ref] (more precisely, FR-MUED).].

Exploring the Universal Extra Dimension at the LHC · Productions and decay of the first KK-mode · 0.89

Cites it as background 30 papers

In the literature [ref] a common approach when using surrogates is to use it within importance sampling, while relying on standard hit and miss to generate event following the surrogate density function, which is conceptually equivalent to other importance sampling algorithm (based on ML or not) [ref] .

Amplitude Surrogates for Multi-Jet Processes · Achievable speed-up without double-unweighting · 0.91
These ideas underpin many automatic phase-space generators and matrix-element tools, including dedicated algorithms and libraries developed to handle complex multi-particle final states [ref] .

Multi-channel phase space with Feynman-diagram-gauge amplitudes · Introduction · 0.88
For leading order processes there have been many developments concerning event generation and simulation tools in the last two decades such as MadGraph/MadEvent [ref] CompHEP/CalcHEP [ref] / [ref] , SHERPA [ref] and WHIZARD [ref] and also programs using different approaches such as ALPGEN [ref] and HELAC [ref] .

Automation of the Dipole Subtraction Method in MadGraph/MadEvent · Introduction · 0.96

Discussion

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F. Maltoni, K. Paul, T. Stelzer, and S. Willenbrock, in preparation, . – 9 – Process+n jets n order unit Tevatron LHC 0 758 3850 (3450) 1 182 1700 (1520) e+νe (e− ¯νe) 2 α2emαnS pb 46.6 742 (642) 3 12.0 337 (279) 4 3.19 156 (122) 0 210 1000 1 46.2 398 e+e− 2 α2emαnS pb 12.6 179 3 3.30 79.0 4 0.871 35.1 0 427 2330 (1770) e+νe (e− ¯νe) b¯b 1 α2emαn+2S fb 19...

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