Differential cohomology in a cohesive infinity-topos

We formulate differential cohomology and Chern-Weil theory -- the theory of connections on fiber bundles and of gauge fields -- abstractly in the context of a certain class of higher toposes that we call "cohesive". Cocycles in this differential cohomology classify higher principal bundles equipped with cohesive structure (topological, smooth, synthetic differential, supergeometric, etc.) and equipped with connections, hence higher gauge fields. We discuss various models of the axioms and applications to fundamental notions and constructions in quantum field theory and string theory. In particular we show that the cohesive and differential refinement of universal characteristic cocycles constitutes a higher Chern-Weil homomorphism refined from secondary caracteristic classes to morphisms of higher moduli stacks of higher gauge fields, and at the same time constitutes extended geometric prequantization -- in the sense of extended/multi-tiered quantum field theory -- of hierarchies of higher dimensional Chern-Simons-type field theories, their higher Wess-Zumino-Witten-type boundary field theories and all further higher codimension defect field theories. We close with an outlook on the cohomological quantization of such higher boundary prequantum field theories by a kind of cohesive motives.