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Correspondence of I- and Q-balls as Non-relativistic Condensates
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If a real scalar field is dominated by non-relativistic modes, then it approximately conserves its particle number and obeys an equation that governs a complex scalar field theory with a conserved global U(1) symmetry. From this fact, it is shown that the I-ball (oscillon) can be naturally understood as a projection (e.g., real part) of the non-relativistic Q-ball solution. In particular, we clarify that the stability of the I-ball is guaranteed by the U(1) symmetry in the corresponding complex scalar field theory as long as the non-relativistic condition holds. We also discuss the longevity of I-ball from the perspective of the complex scalar field in terms of U(1) charge violating processes.
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Cited by 1 Pith paper
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PQ-ball and its Real Scalar Analogue in an Expanding Universe
3+1D lattice simulations show PQ-balls form from a rotating complex scalar and decay faster for stronger symmetry breaking, with lifetimes roughly scaling as v^4.
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