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Colloquium: Time-reversal violation with quantum-entangled B mesons

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J. Bernabeu, F. Martinez-Vidal

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 7 Oct 2014

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The results, presented in 2012, prove beyond any doubt the violation of time-reversal invariance in the time evolution between these two states of the neutral B meson.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID1410.1742 (version 1)
Pith IDMTLHEM2C, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationF. Martinez-Vidal, J. Bernabeu. "Colloquium: Time-reversal violation with quantum-entangled B mesons." arXiv:1410.1742 (2014). https://pith.science/paper/MTLHEM2C
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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Open the compiled record

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 7,001 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.34 · states limitation 0.10 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.06 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.05 · compares with prior results 0.54 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

Symmetry transformations have been proven a bedrock tool for understanding the nature of particle interactions, formulating and testing fundamental theories. Based on the up to now unbroken CPT symmetry, the violation of the CP symmetry between matter and antimatter by weak interactions, discovered in the decay of kaons in 1964 and observed more recently in 2001 in B mesons, strongly suggests that the behavior of these particles under weak interactions must also be asymmetric under time reversal T. However, until the recent years there has not been a direct detection of the expected time-reversal violation in the time evolution of any system. This Colloquium examines the field of time-reversal symmetry breaking in the fundamental laws of physics. For transitions, its observation requires an asymmetry with exchange of initial and final states. We discuss the conceptual basis for such an exchange with unstable particles, using the quantum properties of Einstein Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement available at B meson factories combined with the decay as a filtering measurement. The method allows a clear-cut separation of different transitions between flavor and CP eigenstates in the decay of neutral B mesons. These ideas have been implemented for the experiment by the BaBar Collaboration at SLAC's B factory. The results, presented in 2012, prove beyond any doubt the violation of time-reversal invariance in the time evolution between these two states of the neutral B meson.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 Symmetry transformations have been proven a bedrock tool for understanding the nature of particle interactions, formulating and testing fundamental theories. background 1.00 0.03 0.01 asserted 1.00
s1 Based on the up to now unbroken CPT symmetry, the violation of the CP symmetry between matter and antimatter by weak interactions, discovered in the decay of kaons in 1964 and observed more recently in 2001 in B mesons, strongly suggests that the behavior of these particles under weak interactions must also be asymmetric under time reversal T. background 0.99 0.04 0.06 hedged possibility 0.97
s2 However, until the recent years there has not been a direct detection of the expected time-reversal violation in the time evolution of any system. gap 1.00 0.04 0.02 asserted 1.00
s3 This Colloquium examines the field of time-reversal symmetry breaking in the fundamental laws of physics. contribution 0.80 0.18 0.04 unclear 0.55
s4 For transitions, its observation requires an asymmetry with exchange of initial and final states. background 0.89 0.06 0.03 asserted 0.99
s5 We discuss the conceptual basis for such an exchange with unstable particles, using the quantum properties of Einstein Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement available at B meson factories combined with the decay as a filtering measurement. method 0.97 0.35 0.03 asserted 0.90
s6 The method allows a clear-cut separation of different transitions between flavor and CP eigenstates in the decay of neutral B mesons. method 0.93 0.38 0.04 asserted 0.99
s7 These ideas have been implemented for the experiment by the BaBar Collaboration at SLAC's B factory. method 0.82 0.13 0.03 asserted 1.00
s8 The results, presented in 2012, prove beyond any doubt the violation of time-reversal invariance in the time evolution between these two states of the neutral B meson. result 0.99 0.45 0.90 asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: review 0.49 · evidence from observation or experiment 0.67.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v1
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

Symmetry transformations have been proven a bedrock tool for understanding the nature of particle interactions, formulating and testing fundamental theories. Based on the up to now unbroken CPT symmetry, the violation of the CP symmetry between matter and antimatter by weak interactions, discovered in the decay of kaons in 1964 and observed more recently in 2001 in B mesons, strongly suggests that the behavior of these particles under weak interactions must also be asymmetric under time reversal T. However, until the recent years there has not been a direct detection of the expected time-reversal violation in the time evolution of any system. This Colloquium examines the field of time-reversal symmetry breaking in the fundamental laws of physics. For transitions, its observation requires an asymmetry with exchange of initial and final states. We discuss the conceptual basis for such an exchange with unstable particles, using the quantum properties of Einstein Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement available at B meson factories combined with the decay as a filtering measurement. The method allows a clear-cut separation of different transitions between flavor and CP eigenstates in the decay of neutral B mesons. These ideas have been implemented for the experiment by the BaBar Collaboration at SLAC's B factory. The results, presented in 2012, prove beyond any doubt the violation of time-reversal invariance in the time evolution between these two states of the neutral B meson.

Human review

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How the literature uses it

2 arXiv papers cite this in 4 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers whose main result relates to this one's

Found among the papers closest to this one by title and main claim. Pith's classifier compared each pair's main results and a second model family confirmed the relation; checked against two further families, shown conflicts agreed 118 times in 120 and shown same results 218 times in 239. The quoted sentence is the other paper's main claim.

States the same result 2 papers
  • In this letter we reinterpret and reanalyze the available data of the B meson factories showing the existence of direct experimental evidence of time reversal invariance violation in B mesons.

    Direct test of time reversal invariance violation in B mesons · 0.92

  • We revisit various results, which have been obtained by the BABAR and Belle Collaborations over the last twelve years, concerning symmetry properties of the Hamiltonian, which governs the time evolution and the decay of neutral B mesons.We find that those measurements, which established CP violation in B meson decay, 12 years ago, had as well established T (time-reversal) symmetry violation.

    Observational Aspects of Symmetries of the Neutral B Meson System · 0.90

Papers citing it · 2 sentences without a confident label

Cites it as background 1 paper

What it cites · 5 sentences without a confident label

Cites as background 2 papers
  • This opens the possibility to embark upon a complete time-reversal (and ) violation program in weak interactions to probe possible new physics contributions in tree and loop decays at future high-luminosity flavor factories, Belle II at SuperKEKB [ref] and KLOE-2 at DA$Φ$NE [ref] .

    Physics at Super B Factory · Conclusion · 0.83

  • This opens the possibility to embark upon a complete time-reversal (and ) violation program in weak interactions to probe possible new physics contributions in tree and loop decays at future high-luminosity flavor factories, Belle II at SuperKEKB [ref] and KLOE-2 at DA$Φ$NE [ref] .

    Belle II Technical Design Report · Conclusion · 0.83

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