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A temperate rocky super-Earth transiting a nearby cool star

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Jason A. Dittmann, Jonathan M. Irwin, David Charbonneau, Xavier Bonfils, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Raphaëlle D. Haywood, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson, Elisabeth R. Newton
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Joseph E. Rodriguez, Jennifer G. Winters, Thiam-Guan Tan, Jose-Manuel Almenara, François Bouchy, Xavier Delfosse, Thierry Forveille, Christophe Lovis, Felipe Murgas, Francesco Pepe, Nuno C. Santos, Stephane Udry, Anaël Wünsche, Gilbert A. Esquerdo, David W. Latham, Courtney D. Dressing

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Submitted 18 Apr 2017

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim Here we report observations of LHS 1140b, a planet with a radius of 1.4 Earth radii transiting a small, cool star (LHS 1140) 12 parsecs away.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID1704.05556 (version 1)
Pith IDSW5OEYCQ, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationAna\"el W\"unsche, Christophe Lovis, Courtney D. Dressing, David Charbonneau, David W. Latham, Elisabeth R. Newton, Felipe Murgas, Fran\c{c}ois Bouchy, Francesco Pepe, Gilbert A. Esquerdo, Jason A. Dittmann, Jennifer G. Winters, Jonathan M. Irwin, Jose-Manuel Almenara, Joseph E. Rodriguez, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Nuno C. Santos, Rapha\"elle D. Haywood, Stephane Udry, Thiam-Guan Tan, Thierry Forveille, Xavier Bonfils, Xavier Delfosse, Zachory K. Berta-Thompson. "A temperate rocky super-Earth transiting a nearby cool star." arXiv:1704.05556 (2017). https://pith.science/paper/SW5OEYCQ
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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 9,129 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.08 · states limitation 0.60 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.06 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.99 · compares with prior results 0.87 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

M dwarf stars, which have masses less than 60 per cent that of the Sun, make up 75 per cent of the population of the stars in the Galaxy [1]. The atmospheres of orbiting Earth-sized planets are observationally accessible via transmission spectroscopy when the planets pass in front of these stars [2,3]. Statistical results suggest that the nearest transiting Earth-sized planet in the liquid-water, habitable zone of an M dwarf star is probably around 10.5 parsecs away [4]. A temperate planet has been discovered orbiting Proxima Centauri, the closest M dwarf [5], but it probably does not transit and its true mass is unknown. Seven Earth-sized planets transit the very low-mass star TRAPPIST-1, which is 12 parsecs away [6,7], but their masses and, particularly, their densities are poorly constrained. Here we report observations of LHS 1140b, a planet with a radius of 1.4 Earth radii transiting a small, cool star (LHS 1140) 12 parsecs away. We measure the mass of the planet to be 6.6 times that of Earth, consistent with a rocky bulk composition. LHS 1140b receives an insolation of 0.46 times that of Earth, placing it within the liquid-water, habitable zone [8]. With 90 per cent confidence, we place an upper limit on the orbital eccentricity of 0.29. The circular orbit is unlikely to be the result of tides and therefore was probably present at formation. Given its large surface gravity and cool insolation, the planet may have retained its atmosphere despite the greater luminosity (compared to the present-day) of its host star in its youth [9,10]. Because LHS 1140 is nearby, telescopes currently under construction might be able to search for specific atmospheric gases in the future [2,3].

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 M dwarf stars, which have masses less than 60 per cent that of the Sun, make up 75 per cent of the population of the stars in the Galaxy [1]. background 1.00 0.03 0.01 asserted 1.00
s1 The atmospheres of orbiting Earth-sized planets are observationally accessible via transmission spectroscopy when the planets pass in front of these stars [2,3]. background 1.00 0.04 0.02 asserted 0.88
s2 Statistical results suggest that the nearest transiting Earth-sized planet in the liquid-water, habitable zone of an M dwarf star is probably around 10.5 parsecs away [4]. background 0.92 0.04 0.03 hedged possibility 0.99
s3 A temperate planet has been discovered orbiting Proxima Centauri, the closest M dwarf [5], but it probably does not transit and its true mass is unknown. background 0.51 0.05 0.02 hedged possibility 0.84
s4 Seven Earth-sized planets transit the very low-mass star TRAPPIST-1, which is 12 parsecs away [6,7], but their masses and, particularly, their densities are poorly constrained. background 0.51 0.05 0.02 asserted 1.00
s5 Here we report observations of LHS 1140b, a planet with a radius of 1.4 Earth radii transiting a small, cool star (LHS 1140) 12 parsecs away. contribution 0.98 0.92 0.43 asserted 1.00
s6 We measure the mass of the planet to be 6.6 times that of Earth, consistent with a rocky bulk composition. result 1.00 0.96 0.32 asserted 0.87
s7 LHS 1140b receives an insolation of 0.46 times that of Earth, placing it within the liquid-water, habitable zone [8]. result 0.92 0.65 0.17 asserted 1.00
s8 With 90 per cent confidence, we place an upper limit on the orbital eccentricity of 0.29. result 1.00 0.96 0.06 asserted 0.92
s9 The circular orbit is unlikely to be the result of tides and therefore was probably present at formation. interpretation 0.97 0.70 0.07 hedged possibility 0.97
s10 Given its large surface gravity and cool insolation, the planet may have retained its atmosphere despite the greater luminosity (compared to the present-day) of its host star in its youth [9,10]. interpretation 1.00 0.31 0.09 hedged possibility 1.00
s11 Because LHS 1140 is nearby, telescopes currently under construction might be able to search for specific atmospheric gases in the future [2,3]. future work 0.99 0.13 0.05 speculative 0.92

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v1
not examined
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  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
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not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
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Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

M dwarf stars, which have masses less than 60 per cent that of the Sun, make up 75 per cent of the population of the stars in the Galaxy [1]. The atmospheres of orbiting Earth-sized planets are observationally accessible via transmission spectroscopy when the planets pass in front of these stars [2,3]. Statistical results suggest that the nearest transiting Earth-sized planet in the liquid-water, habitable zone of an M dwarf star is probably around 10.5 parsecs away [4]. A temperate planet has been discovered orbiting Proxima Centauri, the closest M dwarf [5], but it probably does not transit and its true mass is unknown. Seven Earth-sized planets transit the very low-mass star TRAPPIST-1, which is 12 parsecs away [6,7], but their masses and, particularly, their densities are poorly constrained. Here we report observations of LHS 1140b, a planet with a radius of 1.4 Earth radii transiting a small, cool star (LHS 1140) 12 parsecs away. We measure the mass of the planet to be 6.6 times that of Earth, consistent with a rocky bulk composition. LHS 1140b receives an insolation of 0.46 times that of Earth, placing it within the liquid-water, habitable zone [8]. With 90 per cent confidence, we place an upper limit on the orbital eccentricity of 0.29. The circular orbit is unlikely to be the result of tides and therefore was probably present at formation. Given its large surface gravity and cool insolation, the planet may have retained its atmosphere despite the greater luminosity (compared to the present-day) of its host star in its youth [9,10]. Because LHS 1140 is nearby, telescopes currently under construction might be able to search for specific atmospheric gases in the future [2,3].

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References
How later papers used it

71 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 48 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 14 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 17 of the 106 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

Uses its method or tool 1 of 2 papers with this label
Uses its data or values 1 of 15 papers with this label · 1 by the same authors

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Compares with it 1 of 4 papers with this label · 1 by the same authors

By the same authors

How the literature uses it

4 arXiv papers cite this in 7 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 4 sentences without a confident label

Uses its data or values 1 paper
  • By integrating the reconstructed emission profile, we find a Ly$α$ flux of 2.88$^+0.42_-0.31$x10$^-14$ erg s$^-1$ cm$^-2$ which gives f[Ly$α$]/f[bol] = 2.9$±$0.4x10$^-5$, where we have calculated the bolometric luminosity of GJ 1132b as: [equation] Where values for the T$_eff$ and R$_*$ were taken from [ref] and the distance to the star is taken from [ref] .

    Lyman-alpha in the GJ 1132 System: Stellar Emission and Planetary Atmospheric Evolution · Spectrum Reconstruction · 1.00

Cites it as background 1 paper

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