Anomaly and global inconsistency matching: θ-angles, SU(3)/U(1)² nonlinear sigma model, SU(3) chains and its generalizations

We discuss the $SU(3)/[U(1)\times U(1)]$ nonlinear sigma model in 1+1D and, more broadly, its linearized counterparts. Such theories can be expressed as $U(1)\times U(1)$ gauge theories and therefore allow for two topological $\theta$-angles. These models provide a field theoretic description of the $SU(3)$ chains. We show that, for particular values of $\theta$-angles, a global symmetry group of such systems has a 't Hooft anomaly, which manifests itself as an inability to gauge the global symmetry group. By applying anomaly matching, the ground-state properties can be severely constrained. The anomaly matching is an avatar of the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis (LSM) theorem for the spin chain from which the field theory descends, and it forbids a trivially gapped ground state for particular $\theta$-angles. We generalize the statement of the LSM theorem and show that 't Hooft anomalies persist even under perturbations which break the spin-symmetry down to the discrete subgroup $\mathbb Z_3\times\mathbb Z_3\subset SU(3)/\mathbb Z_3$. In addition the model can further be constrained by applying global inconsistency matching, which indicates the presence of a phase transition between different regions of $\theta$-angles. We use these constraints to give possible scenarios of the phase diagram. We also argue that at the special points of the phase diagram the anomalies are matched by the $SU(3)$ Wess-Zumino-Witten model. We generalize the discussion to the $SU(N)/U(1)^{N-1}$ nonlinear sigma models as well as the 't Hooft anomaly of the $SU(N)$ Wess-Zumino-Witten model, and show that they match. Finally the $(2+1)$-dimensional extension is considered briefly, and we show that it has various 't Hooft anomalies leading to nontrivial consequences.