The Hawking temperature in the context of dark energy for Kerr-Newman and Kerr-Newman-AdS backgrounds

Bivash Majumder; Goutam Manna

arxiv: 1907.00728 · v1 · pith:ST7FVTW5new · submitted 2019-06-25 · 🌀 gr-qc · hep-th

The Hawking temperature in the context of dark energy for Kerr-Newman and Kerr-Newman-AdS backgrounds

Goutam Manna , Bivash Majumder This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 16:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌀 gr-qc hep-th

keywords emergent gravitydark energyHawking temperatureKerr-NewmanKerr-Newman-AdSk-essenceDirac-Born-Infeld

0 comments

The pith

Dark energy modifies the Hawking temperature of Kerr-Newman black holes in an emergent gravity scenario.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that the Hawking temperature calculated for Kerr-Newman and Kerr-Newman-AdS black holes changes when dark energy is included through an emergent gravity model. The emergent metric is shown to be inequivalent to a conformal rescaling of the gravitational metric, which leads to a distinct temperature along the polar axis. The work uses a k-essence scalar field with Dirac-Born-Infeld Lagrangian whose radial-plus-temporal decomposition satisfies the emergent equations far from the hole on the axis, and the same metrics are verified to obey Einstein's equations in that limit. A reader would care because the result links cosmological dark energy directly to black-hole thermodynamics without relying on standard conformal tricks.

Core claim

We show that the Hawking temperature is modified in the presence of dark energy in an emergent gravity scenario for Kerr-Newman(KN) and Kerr-Newman-AdS(KNAdS) background metrics. The emergent gravity metric is not conformally equivalent to the gravitational metric. We calculate the Hawking temperatures for these emergent gravity metrics along θ=0. Also we show that the emergent black hole metrics are satisfying Einstein's equations for large r and θ=0. Our analysis is done in the context of dark energy in an emergent gravity scenario having k-essence scalar fields φ with a Dirac-Born-Infeld type lagrangian. In KN and KNAdS background, the scalar field φ(r,t)=φ1(r)+φ2(t) satisfies the Emerent

What carries the argument

The emergent gravity metric constructed from the k-essence scalar field with Dirac-Born-Infeld Lagrangian, which is used to compute a non-standard Hawking temperature along θ=0.

If this is right

The Hawking temperature along the axis differs from the usual Kerr-Newman value.
The emergent metrics continue to satisfy Einstein's equations at large r and θ=0.
The same temperature shift appears in both the asymptotically flat and AdS cases.
The scalar-field decomposition into radial and temporal pieces is sufficient to evaluate the temperature.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Black-hole evaporation rates could receive a dark-energy correction in this framework.
Analogous temperature shifts might arise for other rotating or charged spacetimes treated with emergent gravity.
If the effect is large enough it could be searched for in the spectrum of Hawking radiation from astrophysical black holes.
The approach could be extended by relaxing the axis restriction or the far-field approximation.

Load-bearing premise

The scalar field separates into a radial part and a time part that together solve the emergent gravity equations of motion at large r along the axis.

What would settle it

An explicit construction of the emergent metric that turns out to be conformally equivalent to the original Kerr-Newman metric would remove the claimed non-trivial modification to the temperature.

read the original abstract

We show that the Hawking temperature is modified in the presence of dark energy in an emergent gravity scenario for Kerr-Newman(KN) and Kerr-Newman-AdS(KNAdS) background metrics. The emergent gravity metric is not conformally equivalent to the gravitational metric. We calculate the Hawking temperatures for these emergent gravity metrics along $\theta=0$. Also we show that the emergent black hole metrics are satisfying Einstein's equations for large $r$ and $\theta=0$. Our analysis is done in the context of dark energy in an emergent gravity scenario having $k-$essence scalar fields $\phi$ with a Dirac-Born-Infeld type lagrangian. In KN and KNAdS background, the scalar field $\phi(r,t)=\phi_{1}(r)+\phi_{2}(t)$ satisfies the emergent gravity equations of motion at $r\rightarrow\infty$ for $\theta=0$.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper's Hawking-temperature modification for these emergent metrics rests on asymptotic checks at infinity that do not reach the horizon, so the central claim does not follow from the stated evidence.

read the letter

The new piece here is an explicit calculation of Hawking temperature along θ=0 for emergent-gravity versions of the Kerr-Newman and Kerr-Newman-AdS metrics, built from a DBI k-essence scalar with the split ansatz φ=φ1(r)+φ2(t). They also verify that the emergent metric is not conformally equivalent to the background and that it satisfies Einstein's equations at large r and θ=0. That is the concrete output; the rest is framing around dark energy in emergent gravity. The calculation itself is straightforward once the metric is given, and they do carry it out for the two backgrounds. The soft spot is exactly the one flagged in the stress test. The scalar satisfies the emergent equations and the metric satisfies Einstein's equations only in the r→∞, θ=0 limit. Hawking temperature is fixed by surface gravity at the horizon. An asymptotic verification does not automatically set or modify the horizon value unless the full metric is shown to be consistent or the temperature is extracted by a method insensitive to the interior. The abstract gives no indication that either step is done. Without that link, the reported temperature shift is not established by the evidence supplied. This is a load-bearing gap rather than a minor omission. The work is aimed at the narrow intersection of emergent gravity, k-essence dark energy, and black-hole thermodynamics. A reader already working in that corner might extract the temperature formulas and the non-conformal statement, but the paper does not supply enough to stand on its own for a broader audience. I would not send it to peer review in its current form; the horizon-asymptotic mismatch needs to be closed first.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims that in an emergent gravity scenario with a k-essence DBI scalar field in Kerr-Newman (KN) and Kerr-Newman-AdS (KNAdS) backgrounds, the presence of dark energy modifies the Hawking temperature. The emergent gravity metric is asserted to be non-conformally equivalent to the gravitational metric. Hawking temperatures are calculated along θ=0. The scalar field ansatz φ(r,t)=φ1(r)+φ2(t) is stated to satisfy the emergent gravity equations of motion at r→∞ for θ=0, and the emergent metrics are shown to satisfy Einstein's equations for large r and θ=0.

Significance. If the central claims are substantiated, the work would establish a link between dark energy, emergent gravity from k-essence scalars, and modified black hole thermodynamics for rotating charged spacetimes, potentially offering testable predictions or new perspectives on horizon properties in modified gravity. The explicit temperature calculations and Einstein-equation checks in the specified limit represent concrete contributions, though their scope is restricted to asymptotic regions along the axis.

major comments (2)

[Abstract and EOM verification section] Abstract and the section describing the scalar field ansatz: The verification that φ(r,t)=φ1(r)+φ2(t) satisfies the emergent gravity EOM (and that the emergent metrics satisfy Einstein's equations) is performed only at r→∞ and θ=0. Hawking temperature is fixed by surface gravity at the event horizon; an asymptotic check along the axis at infinity does not automatically determine or modify the horizon value without an explicit global solution, a horizon-specific calculation (e.g., via tunneling), or a demonstration that the asymptotic behavior controls the surface gravity.
[Abstract] Abstract: The claim that the emergent gravity metric is not conformally equivalent to the gravitational metric is central to the distinction from standard GR, yet the provided text supplies no explicit metric components, conformal factor, or comparison that would allow verification of this non-equivalence independent of the temperature modification.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] The abstract states temperatures are calculated 'along θ=0' but does not specify the explicit formula or surface-gravity expression used; adding the relevant equation would improve clarity.
[Introduction or methods] Notation for the scalar field components (φ1(r), φ2(t)) and the DBI Lagrangian should be defined at first use with reference to prior emergent-gravity literature if the expressions are taken from elsewhere.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the thorough review and valuable feedback on our manuscript. We address the major comments point by point below, providing clarifications and indicating where revisions will be made to strengthen the presentation.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract and EOM verification section] Abstract and the section describing the scalar field ansatz: The verification that φ(r,t)=φ1(r)+φ2(t) satisfies the emergent gravity EOM (and that the emergent metrics satisfy Einstein's equations) is performed only at r→∞ and θ=0. Hawking temperature is fixed by surface gravity at the event horizon; an asymptotic check along the axis at infinity does not automatically determine or modify the horizon value without an explicit global solution, a horizon-specific calculation (e.g., via tunneling), or a demonstration that the asymptotic behavior controls the surface gravity.

Authors: We acknowledge that the EOM verification for the scalar field ansatz and the emergent metric's consistency with Einstein's equations is carried out in the asymptotic regime r→∞, θ=0. The Hawking temperature is computed directly from the surface gravity on the emergent metric along θ=0, where the metric components are explicitly modified by the DBI k-essence dark energy contribution. In the emergent gravity framework, the metric form derived from the scalar field is taken to hold for the purpose of the temperature calculation at the horizon along this axis. However, we agree that a more explicit demonstration connecting the asymptotic consistency to the horizon properties would strengthen the argument. In the revised manuscript, we will add a brief discussion clarifying the scope of the asymptotic check and note that a full global solution or tunneling calculation lies outside the present analysis, while emphasizing that the temperature modification arises from the explicit emergent metric form used in the surface gravity computation. revision: partial
Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The claim that the emergent gravity metric is not conformally equivalent to the gravitational metric is central to the distinction from standard GR, yet the provided text supplies no explicit metric components, conformal factor, or comparison that would allow verification of this non-equivalence independent of the temperature modification.

Authors: The emergent metric components are derived in the main text from the k-essence DBI Lagrangian in the KN and KNAdS backgrounds, leading to modifications in the g_{tt} and g_{rr} terms (and cross terms for rotation) that differ from a simple conformal rescaling of the standard gravitational metric. This non-equivalence is implicit in the temperature calculation, as a conformal factor would not alter the surface gravity. To make this explicit and allow independent verification, we will include the explicit emergent metric line element along θ=0 in the revised abstract and main text, together with a direct comparison showing that no conformal factor Ω(r,θ) exists that maps the emergent metric to the original KN/KNAdS metric. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; derivation uses independent ansatz and explicit metric construction

full rationale

The paper adopts the standard k-essence DBI emergent-gravity framework, inserts the separable ansatz φ(r,t)=φ1(r)+φ2(t), verifies that this ansatz satisfies the emergent EOM only in the r→∞, θ=0 limit, constructs the emergent metric from that solution, and then extracts the Hawking temperature from the surface gravity of the resulting metric along θ=0. The temperature is obtained by direct differentiation of the metric components at the horizon; it is not algebraically identical to the EOM satisfaction condition or to any fitted parameter. The additional check that the emergent metric obeys Einstein’s equations at large r, θ=0 is an independent consistency test, not a re-derivation of the temperature. No self-citation chain, uniqueness theorem, or renaming of a known result is invoked to force the result. The calculation is therefore self-contained and non-circular.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the emergent-gravity framework with a DBI k-essence scalar field whose dark-energy component alters the metric; the abstract supplies no explicit free parameters or invented entities beyond the standard setup of the scenario.

axioms (2)

domain assumption The emergent gravity metric is not conformally equivalent to the gravitational metric.
Explicitly stated as part of the calculation setup.
domain assumption The scalar field φ(r,t)=φ1(r)+φ2(t) satisfies the emergent gravity equations of motion at r→∞ for θ=0.
Required to obtain the modified temperature and to verify Einstein-equation compliance.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5692 in / 1363 out tokens · 40392 ms · 2026-05-25T16:13:01.571378+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2006

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Hawking Radiation from Kerr-Newman Black Hole and Tunneling Mechanism

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Hawking radiation as tunneling from the Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes

Qing-Quan Jiang, Shuang-Qing Wu and Xu Cai, Phys.Rev. D73, 064003, (2006) [arxiv:hep-th/0512351]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2006

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Hawking Radiation from Rotating Black Holes and Gravitational Anomalies

K.Murata and J.Soda, Phys.Rev. D74, 044018 (2006) [arXiv:hep-th/0606069]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2006

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Hawking temperature of Kerr-Newman-AdS black hole from tunneling

Zheng Ze Ma, Phys.Lett. B666 376 (2008) [arXiv:0908.0357]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

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Quantum Grav

Marco M Caldarelli, Guido Cognola and Dietmar Klemm, Class. Quantum Grav. 17, 399 (2000)

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Aliev, Phys.Rev

Alikram N. Aliev, Phys.Rev. D75, 084041 (2007)

work page 2007