Centrality selection effect on higher-order cumulants of net-proton multiplicity distributions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Arghya Chatterjee; Jingdong Zeng; Nihar Ranjan Sahoo; Xiaofeng Luo; Yu Zhang

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Centrality selection effect on higher-order cumulants of net-proton multiplicity distributions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Arghya Chatterjee, Yu Zhang, Jingdong Zeng, Nihar Ranjan Sahoo, Xiaofeng Luo

Nuclear Experiment · Submitted 17 Oct 2019

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim By comparing the results from various collision centralities, we found that the autocorrelation effects are not significant in the results with collision centralities "refmult-3" and "refmult-2", which are using mid-rapidity charged particles but excluding (anti-)protons and analysis region, respectively.

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CitationArghya Chatterjee, Jingdong Zeng, Nihar Ranjan Sahoo, Xiaofeng Luo, Yu Zhang. "Centrality selection effect on higher-order cumulants of net-proton multiplicity distributions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions." arXiv:1910.08004 (2019). https://pith.science/paper/S2ZR5C2J

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We studied the centrality selection effect on cumulants (up to fourth order) and the cumulants ratios of net-proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 7.7, 19.6 and 200 GeV from UrQMD model. The net-proton cumulants are calculated with collision centralities by using charged particle multiplicity from different pesudorapidity ($\eta$) region. By comparing the results from various collision centralities, we found that the autocorrelation effects are not significant in the results with collision centralities "refmult-3" and "refmult-2", which are using mid-rapidity charged particles but excluding (anti-)protons and analysis region, respectively. Furthermore, due to the contributions of spectator protons, we observed poor centrality resolution when using charged particles at forward $\eta$ region at low energies. This work can serve as a baseline for centrality selection of future fluctuations analysis in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

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#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We studied the centrality selection effect on cumulants (up to fourth order) and the cumulants ratios of net-proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 7.7, 19.6 and 200 GeV from UrQMD model.	contribution 0.98	0.96	0.08	asserted 0.98
s1	The net-proton cumulants are calculated with collision centralities by using charged particle multiplicity from different pesudorapidity ($\eta$) region.	method 1.00	0.91	0.04	asserted 1.00
s2	By comparing the results from various collision centralities, we found that the autocorrelation effects are not significant in the results with collision centralities "refmult-3" and "refmult-2", which are using mid-rapidity charged particles but excluding (anti-)protons and analysis region, respectively.	result 0.99	0.96	0.41	asserted 1.00
s3	Furthermore, due to the contributions of spectator protons, we observed poor centrality resolution when using charged particles at forward $\eta$ region at low energies.	result 0.98	0.93	0.10	asserted 1.00
s4	This work can serve as a baseline for centrality selection of future fluctuations analysis in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.	future work 0.68	0.24	0.15	hedged possibility 0.71

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Original abstract

We studied the centrality selection effect on cumulants (up to fourth order) and the cumulants ratios of net-proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 7.7, 19.6 and 200 GeV from UrQMD model. The net-proton cumulants are calculated with collision centralities by using charged particle multiplicity from different pesudorapidity ($\eta$) region. By comparing the results from various collision centralities, we found that the autocorrelation effects are not significant in the results with collision centralities "refmult-3" and "refmult-2", which are using mid-rapidity charged particles but excluding (anti-)protons and analysis region, respectively. Furthermore, due to the contributions of spectator protons, we observed poor centrality resolution when using charged particles at forward $\eta$ region at low energies. This work can serve as a baseline for centrality selection of future fluctuations analysis in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Robustness of the scaled transverse-momentum correlator and the contribution of meson--baryon fluctuations at RHIC energies
hep-ph 2026-10 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

UrQMD-based checks show that C_pT is robust to experimental choices, and composition fluctuations from transport eliminate the minimum in the two-component explanation of the measured non-monotonicity.
Hyper-order baryon number fluctuations at finite temperature and density
hep-ph 2021-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Within a QCD-assisted low-energy effective theory, non-monotonic baryon number fluctuations arise in the non-critical crossover region, so the STAR net-proton kurtosis signal does not by itself require a critical endpoint.
QCD at finite temperature and density within the fRG approach: An overview
hep-ph 2022-05 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

Functional renormalization group and Dyson-Schwinger calculations place the QCD critical end point near baryon chemical potential 600 MeV and identify an inhomogeneous instability above about 420 MeV.

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8 arXiv papers cite this in 19 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 9 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 3 papers

We use the UrQMD transport model [ref] , as was used by Chatterjee [ref] .

Centrality determination with a forward detector in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan · Calculation of global centrality estimators · 1.00
The collision centrality is determined from the charged particle multiplicity excluding the particles of interest to avoid the autocorrelation effect [ref] .

Measurement of cumulants of conserved charge multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions from the STAR experiment · Analysis techniques · 0.93
They are defined by the charged particle multiplicities, not corrected for efficiency, within $|η|<1.0$ and $|η|<1.6$, respectively, after excluding protons and antiprotons to avoid the self-correlation effect [ref] .

Precision Measurement of (Net-)proton Number Fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC · Introduction · 0.86

Compares with it 2 papers

Figure [ref] is in agreement with the conclusions of the Chatterjee analysis [ref] , and indicates that a summation of the yield over the EPD acceptance is a poor observable.

Centrality determination with a forward detector in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan · Correlations between yields and $b$ · 0.96
We can observe that at 3 GeV, no such strong negative correlation is found between charged particles at mid-rapidity region (Refmult3) and impact parameter as observed in higher energies [ref] .

Effects of centrality fluctuation and deuteron formation on proton number cumulant in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 3 GeV from JAM model · Results · 0.91

Cites it as background 4 papers

Some of the background contributions, such as baryon number conservations [ref] , acceptance/efficiency corrections [ref] , light nuclei formation [ref] , initial volume fluctuations, auto-correlation, and the effects of centrality selections [ref] , have been studied before.

Effects of resonance weak decays and hadronic re-scattering on the proton number fluctuations in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5$ GeV from JAM model · Introduction · 0.95
Initial Volume fluctuations (IVF) and their impact on final-state particle multiplicity fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions have been studied over the years [ref] .

Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions: A Status Report · Suppression of initial volume fluctuation : A centrality independent method · 1.00
Some of those effects have been studied previously [ref] and needs to be understood properly before making solid physics conclusions.

Effects of centrality fluctuation and deuteron formation on proton number cumulant in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 3 GeV from JAM model · Introduction · 0.86

What it cites · 33 sentences without a confident label

Uses the method or tool of 9 papers

To reduced the variation for wider centrality bins, a so called Centrality Bin Width Correction (CBWC) technique is applied in cumulant analysis [ref] .

Volume Fluctuation and Autocorrelation Effects in the Moment Analysis of Net-proton Multiplicity Distributions in Heavy-Ion Collisions · Observables · 0.85
We use a Monte Carlo Glauber model [ref] to estimate $N_part$ similar to conventional cumulant analysis [ref] .

Collision Energy Dependence of Moments of Net-Kaon Multiplicity Distributions at RHIC · Results · 0.99
We use a Monte Carlo Glauber model [ref] to estimate $N_part$ similar to conventional cumulant analysis [ref] .

Higher Moments of Net-proton Multiplicity Distributions at RHIC · Results · 0.99

Cites as background 25 papers

Some of the effects are discussed before [ref] .

Effects of resonance weak decays and hadronic re-scattering on the proton number fluctuations in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5$ GeV from JAM model · Introduction · 0.97
Some of the effects are discussed before [ref] .

UrQMD Study of the Effects of Centrality Definitions on Higher Moments of Net Protons at RHIC · Introduction · 0.97
Some of the effects are discussed before [ref] .

Centrality fluctuations and decorrelations in heavy-ion collisions · Introduction · 0.97

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