Gravitational Wave Signatures from Domain Wall and Strong First-Order Phase Transitions in a Two Complex Scalar extension of the Standard Model

Avik Paul; Debasish Majumdar; Upala Mukhopadhyay

RECORD

Gravitational Wave Signatures from Domain Wall and Strong First-Order Phase Transitions in a Two Complex Scalar extension of the Standard Model

Avik Paul, Upala Mukhopadhyay, Debasish Majumdar

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 7 Oct 2020

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The unstable annihilating domain walls produce a significant amount of gravitational waves (GWs).

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

Comment (0) Read on arXiv ↗

Cite ▾

arXiv ID2010.03439 (version 2)

Pith IDZH2O5R3V, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationAvik Paul, Debasish Majumdar, Upala Mukhopadhyay. "Gravitational Wave Signatures from Domain Wall and Strong First-Order Phase Transitions in a Two Complex Scalar extension of the Standard Model." arXiv:2010.03439 (2020). https://pith.science/paper/ZH2O5R3V

Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Open the compiled record

Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 7,809 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.11 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.88 · compares with prior results 0.07 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We consider a simple extension of Standard Model by adding two complex singlet scalars with a $\rm{U}\left(1\right)$ symmetry. A discrete $\mathcal{Z}_2 \times \mathcal{Z}^{\prime}_2$ symmetry is imposed in the model and the added scalars acquire a non zero vacuum expectation value (VEV) when the imposed symmetry is broken spontaneously. The real (CP even) parts of the complex scalars mix with the SM Higgs and give three physical mass eigenstates. One of these physical mass eigenstates is attributed to the SM like Higgs boson with mass 125.09 GeV. In the present scenario, domain walls are formed in the early Universe due to the breaking of discrete $\mathcal{Z}_2 \times \mathcal{Z}^{\prime}_2$ symmetry. In order to ensure the unstability of the domain wall this discrete symmetry is also explicitly broken by adding a bias potential to the Lagrangian. The unstable annihilating domain walls produce a significant amount of gravitational waves (GWs). In addition, we also explore the possibility of the production of GW emission from the strong first-order phase transition. We calculate the intensities and frequencies of each of such gravitational waves originating from two different phenomena of the early Universe namely annihilating domain walls and strong first-order phase transition. Finally, we investigate the observational signatures from these GWs at the future GW detectors such as ALIA, BBO, DECIGO, LISA, TianQin, Taiji, aLIGO, aLIGO+ and pulsar timing arrays such as SKA, IPTA, EPTA, PPTA, NANOGrav11 and NANOGrav12.5.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We consider a simple extension of Standard Model by adding two complex singlet scalars with a $\rm{U}\left(1\right)$ symmetry.	contribution 0.70	0.58	0.02	asserted 0.94
s1	A discrete $\mathcal{Z}_2 \times \mathcal{Z}^{\prime}_2$ symmetry is imposed in the model and the added scalars acquire a non zero vacuum expectation value (VEV) when the imposed symmetry is broken spontaneously.	method 0.73	0.53	0.03	asserted 1.00
s2	The real (CP even) parts of the complex scalars mix with the SM Higgs and give three physical mass eigenstates.	method 0.45	0.58	0.03	asserted 1.00
s3	One of these physical mass eigenstates is attributed to the SM like Higgs boson with mass 125.09 GeV.	result 0.74	0.52	0.04	asserted 1.00
s4	In the present scenario, domain walls are formed in the early Universe due to the breaking of discrete $\mathcal{Z}_2 \times \mathcal{Z}^{\prime}_2$ symmetry.	contribution 0.41	0.45	0.07	asserted 1.00
s5	In order to ensure the unstability of the domain wall this discrete symmetry is also explicitly broken by adding a bias potential to the Lagrangian.	method 0.84	0.77	0.04	asserted 0.98
s6	The unstable annihilating domain walls produce a significant amount of gravitational waves (GWs).	result 0.87	0.50	0.30	asserted 1.00
s7	In addition, we also explore the possibility of the production of GW emission from the strong first-order phase transition.	contribution 0.99	0.62	0.06	hedged possibility 0.99
s8	We calculate the intensities and frequencies of each of such gravitational waves originating from two different phenomena of the early Universe namely annihilating domain walls and strong first-order phase transition.	contribution 0.75	0.95	0.17	asserted 1.00
s9	Finally, we investigate the observational signatures from these GWs at the future GW detectors such as ALIA, BBO, DECIGO, LISA, TianQin, Taiji, aLIGO, aLIGO+ and pulsar timing arrays such as SKA, IPTA, EPTA, PPTA, NANOGrav11 and NANOGrav12.5.	contribution 0.81	0.84	0.18	asserted 0.93

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.99 · evidence from simulation or computation 0.62.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

We consider a simple extension of Standard Model by adding two complex singlet scalars with a $\rm{U}\left(1\right)$ symmetry. A discrete $\mathcal{Z}_2 \times \mathcal{Z}^{\prime}_2$ symmetry is imposed in the model and the added scalars acquire a non zero vacuum expectation value (VEV) when the imposed symmetry is broken spontaneously. The real (CP even) parts of the complex scalars mix with the SM Higgs and give three physical mass eigenstates. One of these physical mass eigenstates is attributed to the SM like Higgs boson with mass 125.09 GeV. In the present scenario, domain walls are formed in the early Universe due to the breaking of discrete $\mathcal{Z}_2 \times \mathcal{Z}^{\prime}_2$ symmetry. In order to ensure the unstability of the domain wall this discrete symmetry is also explicitly broken by adding a bias potential to the Lagrangian. The unstable annihilating domain walls produce a significant amount of gravitational waves (GWs). In addition, we also explore the possibility of the production of GW emission from the strong first-order phase transition. We calculate the intensities and frequencies of each of such gravitational waves originating from two different phenomena of the early Universe namely annihilating domain walls and strong first-order phase transition. Finally, we investigate the observational signatures from these GWs at the future GW detectors such as ALIA, BBO, DECIGO, LISA, TianQin, Taiji, aLIGO, aLIGO+ and pulsar timing arrays such as SKA, IPTA, EPTA, PPTA, NANOGrav11 and NANOGrav12.5.

Human review

How Pith checks papers → · Full audit of this paper →

References

Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Gravitational Waves From an Entangled SO(3) Cosmic String Network
hep-ph 2026-10 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

Deriving interaction probabilities from the binary tetrahedral group T', the paper predicts a gravitational-wave background from SO(3)->A4 cosmic strings enhanced up to three orders of magnitude over Abelian U(1) strings.
NANOGrav Hints on Planet-Mass Primordial Black Holes
astro-ph.CO 2020-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A dust-like pre-BBN expansion with -0.091 < w < 0.048 reproduces the NANOGrav 12.5-year GW amplitude and slope and, from the same curvature peak, yields planet-mass primordial black holes at the abundance OGLE microle...
Minimal Dirac seesaw dark matter
hep-ph 2024-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A Z4-symmetric Dirac seesaw makes the imaginary part of a seesaw scalar a stable dark matter candidate and links its phenomenology to gravitational wave and CMB observables.
Probing High Scale Dirac Leptogenesis via Gravitational Waves from Domain Walls
hep-ph 2022-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Domain walls formed when a Z2 symmetry breaks in a Dirac seesaw model produce gravitational waves whose spectrum tracks the leptogenesis scale, allowing planned detectors to probe scales up to 10^11 GeV.
Constraining the primordial black hole scenario with Bayesian inference and machine learning: the GWTC-2 gravitational wave catalog
gr-qc 2020-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Assuming every GWTC-2 black hole merger is primordial, the authors infer that primordial black holes make up about 0.3 percent of dark matter and that accretion, not formation, supplies the observed spins.

Show 2 more citing papers

Inflationary interpretation of the stochastic gravitational wave background signal detected by pulsar timing array experiments
astro-ph.CO 2023-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

An inflationary origin for the nanohertz gravitational wave background reported by pulsar timing arrays would require a tensor spectral index near 1.8 and reheating below about 10 GeV, which makes it hard to sustain.
Primordial gravitational waves from NANOGrav: a broken power-law approach
astro-ph.CO 2021-11 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

A broken power-law primordial gravitational-wave spectrum can fit the NANOGrav signal while satisfying CMB, BBN, and LIGO/Virgo bounds, with a blue tilt n_T about 0.97 below a break frequency under 0.2 Hz.

How the literature uses it

19 arXiv papers cite this in 20 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 12 sentences without a confident label

Cites it as background 8 papers

Various possible sources of the signal have been proposed, including cosmic strings [ref] , first-order cosmological phase transitions [ref] , coherent oscillation of axionic fields [ref] , and primordial black holes [ref] .

Testing clockwork axion with gravitational waves · NANOGrav pulsar timing observations · 0.94
[Besides the inflationary interpretation I put forward in Ref. [ref] , the NANOGrav 12.5-year signal (and the related PPTA, EPTA, and IPTA signals) stimulated a lot of work devoted to possible theoretical interpretations: for an inevitably limited selection of examples, see e.g. Refs. [ref] .] The resulting joint $log_10r$-$n_T$ posterior is shown in Fig. [ref].

Inflationary interpretation of the stochastic gravitational wave background signal detected by pulsar timing array experiments · Results and discussions · 0.99
Some of the earliest interpretations of the NANOGrav signal involved cosmic strings [ref] or second-order effects associated to the formation of primordial BHs from the collapse of large curvature perturbations [ref] , but various other theoretical scenarios have been considered since then (see e.g. Refs. [ref] for examples, as well as Ref. [ref] for a comprehensive characterization of various possible sources for the NANOGrav signal).

Primordial gravitational waves from NANOGrav: a broken power-law approach · Introduction · 1.00

What it cites · 6 sentences without a confident label

Compares with 1 paper

We perform a direct comparison between our calculated model-dependent GW intensity with the sensitivity plots [ref] of PTAs such as SKA, IPTA, EPTA, PPTA, NANOGrav11 and NANOGrav12.5 for the domain wall case and found that the calculations using BP 4 lie within the sensitivity curves of SKA and IPTA.

New Sensitivity Curves for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Cosmological Phase Transitions · Calculations and Results · 0.92

Discussion

Know something about this paper? Leave a comment, or highlight any passage above to comment on it.