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Collective flow at SIS energies within a hadronic transport approach: Influence of light nuclei formation and equation of state
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abstract
Collective flow observables are known to be a sensitive tool to gain insights on the equation of state of nuclear matter from heavy-ion collision observations. Towards more quantitative constraints one has to carefully assess other influences on the collective behaviour. In this work a hadronic transport approach SMASH (Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons) is applied to study the first four anisotropic flow coefficients in Au+Au collisions at $E_{\rm lab}=1.23A$ GeV in the context of the recently measured data by the HADES collaboration. In particular, the formation of light nuclei is important in this energy regime. Two different approaches are contrasted to each other: A clustering algorithm inspired by coalescence as well as microscopic formation of deuterons via explicit cross-sections. The sensitivity of directed and elliptic flow observables to the strength of the Skyrme mean field is explored. In addition, it is demonstrated that the rapidity-odd $v_3$ coefficient is practically zero in this energy regime and the ratio of $v_4/v_2^2$ is close to the value of 0.5 expected from hydrodynamic behaviour. This study establishes the current understanding of collective behaviour within the SMASH approach and lays the ground for future more quantitative constraints on the equation of state of nuclear matter within improved mean field calculations.
Forward citations
Cited by 5 Pith papers
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Effects of light-cluster degrees of freedom on collective flows in heavy-ion collisions at FOPI energies
Explicitly propagating light clusters in a Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model substantially modifies predicted proton v1-v4 flows at low FOPI energies (120-400 A MeV) but not above 600 A MeV.
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Probing of EoS with clusters and hypernuclei
Using the PHQMD transport model, the paper shows that a soft momentum-dependent nuclear equation of state reproduces most STAR 3 GeV Au+Au data for baryons, clusters and hypernuclei, while a hard equation of state giv...
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Directed Flow of Protons and Deuterons in Xe+Cs(I) Collisions: Preliminary BM@N Data and THESEUS Modeling
Comparing preliminary BM@N proton and deuteron directed flow with THESEUS shows good proton agreement and a slight deuteron overestimation, tentatively supporting thermodynamic light-nucleus formation.
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Study on the equation-of-state with light clusters and hypernuclei
A review of transport-model constraints on the nuclear equation of state from flow of protons, light clusters, and hypernuclei, concluding that soft momentum-dependent potentials fit few-GeV data best.
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SMASH: Results from hadronic transport for heavy-ion collisions at high densities
A mini-review of the SMASH hadronic transport approach: setup, light-nucleus production, mean-field EoS constraints, electromagnetic probes, and hybrid hydrodynamics.
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