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Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning: A Comprehensive Review

Machine Learning · Submitted 26 Feb 2021

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim In particular, a major contribution of this paper lies in a new generalized taxonomy for GSSL, including graph regularization and graph embedding methods, with the most up-to-date references and useful resources such as codes, datasets, and applications.

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arXiv ID2102.13303 (version 1)
Pith ID3J2YEG3Q, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationIrwin King, Xiangli Yang, Zenglin Xu, Zixing Song. "Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning: A Comprehensive Review." arXiv:2102.13303 (2021). https://pith.science/paper/3J2YEG3Q
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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 5,664 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.09 · states limitation 0.07 · human participants 0.04 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.03 · compares with prior results 0.27 · mentions code or data availability 0.69.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has tremendous value in practice due to its ability to utilize both labeled data and unlabelled data. An important class of SSL methods is to naturally represent data as graphs such that the label information of unlabelled samples can be inferred from the graphs, which corresponds to graph-based semi-supervised learning (GSSL) methods. GSSL methods have demonstrated their advantages in various domains due to their uniqueness of structure, the universality of applications, and their scalability to large scale data. Focusing on this class of methods, this work aims to provide both researchers and practitioners with a solid and systematic understanding of relevant advances as well as the underlying connections among them. This makes our paper distinct from recent surveys that cover an overall picture of SSL methods while neglecting fundamental understanding of GSSL methods. In particular, a major contribution of this paper lies in a new generalized taxonomy for GSSL, including graph regularization and graph embedding methods, with the most up-to-date references and useful resources such as codes, datasets, and applications. Furthermore, we present several potential research directions as future work with insights into this rapidly growing field.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has tremendous value in practice due to its ability to utilize both labeled data and unlabelled data. background 1.00 0.04 0.03 asserted 1.00
s1 An important class of SSL methods is to naturally represent data as graphs such that the label information of unlabelled samples can be inferred from the graphs, which corresponds to graph-based semi-supervised learning (GSSL) methods. background 0.99 0.05 0.04 asserted 1.00
s2 GSSL methods have demonstrated their advantages in various domains due to their uniqueness of structure, the universality of applications, and their scalability to large scale data. background 1.00 0.08 0.06 asserted 1.00
s3 Focusing on this class of methods, this work aims to provide both researchers and practitioners with a solid and systematic understanding of relevant advances as well as the underlying connections among them. contribution 0.98 0.52 0.07 asserted 0.87
s4 This makes our paper distinct from recent surveys that cover an overall picture of SSL methods while neglecting fundamental understanding of GSSL methods. gap 0.76 0.44 0.06 asserted 1.00
s5 In particular, a major contribution of this paper lies in a new generalized taxonomy for GSSL, including graph regularization and graph embedding methods, with the most up-to-date references and useful resources such as codes, datasets, and applications. contribution 1.00 0.92 0.35 asserted 1.00
s6 Furthermore, we present several potential research directions as future work with insights into this rapidly growing field. future work 1.00 0.83 0.08 asserted 0.74

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: review 1.00 · evidence from literature 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v1
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has tremendous value in practice due to its ability to utilize both labeled data and unlabelled data. An important class of SSL methods is to naturally represent data as graphs such that the label information of unlabelled samples can be inferred from the graphs, which corresponds to graph-based semi-supervised learning (GSSL) methods. GSSL methods have demonstrated their advantages in various domains due to their uniqueness of structure, the universality of applications, and their scalability to large scale data. Focusing on this class of methods, this work aims to provide both researchers and practitioners with a solid and systematic understanding of relevant advances as well as the underlying connections among them. This makes our paper distinct from recent surveys that cover an overall picture of SSL methods while neglecting fundamental understanding of GSSL methods. In particular, a major contribution of this paper lies in a new generalized taxonomy for GSSL, including graph regularization and graph embedding methods, with the most up-to-date references and useful resources such as codes, datasets, and applications. Furthermore, we present several potential research directions as future work with insights into this rapidly growing field.

Human review
How the literature uses it

7 arXiv papers cite this in 11 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 9 sentences without a confident label

Cites it as background 2 papers

What it cites · 6 sentences without a confident label

Cites as background 2 papers

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