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TenSEAL: A Library for Encrypted Tensor Operations Using Homomorphic Encryption

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arxiv 2104.03152 v2 pith:TSBP3DVG submitted 2021-04-07 cs.CR cs.LG

classification cs.CRcs.LG
keywords learningmachinealgorithmsappliedencryptedencryptionhomomorphicless
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Machine learning algorithms have achieved remarkable results and are widely applied in a variety of domains. These algorithms often rely on sensitive and private data such as medical and financial records. Therefore, it is vital to draw further attention regarding privacy threats and corresponding defensive techniques applied to machine learning models. In this paper, we present TenSEAL, an open-source library for Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning using Homomorphic Encryption that can be easily integrated within popular machine learning frameworks. We benchmark our implementation using MNIST and show that an encrypted convolutional neural network can be evaluated in less than a second, using less than half a megabyte of communication.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 20 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Federated Learning: An approach with Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pairing the PASTA stream cipher with BFV homomorphic encryption in federated learning cuts client upload by about 2000x and keeps MNIST accuracy within 1.3% of plaintext, but makes server aggregation roughly 15,000x m...

  2. HE-LRM: Encrypted Deep Learning Recommendation Models using Fully Homomorphic Encryption

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Client-side digit decomposition and block-diagonal packing enable server-side private embedding lookups in FHE, cutting embedding-lookup latency by up to 56x versus CodedHeLUT and enabling end-to-end encrypted DLRM in...

  3. Safety and Security: Experimental Validation of Encrypted Model Predictive Control

    eess.SY 2026-07 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    An explicit MPC controller is replaced by a polynomial, encrypted with BFV homomorphic encryption, and run on a lab device; the demo works, but the claimed stability guarantee relies on an invalid error bound.

  4. Adaptive Federated Learning to Optimize Integrated Flows in Cyber-Physical Data Centers

    eess.SY 2025-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    An adaptive federated learning-to-optimization method with a rejection-capable acceptance rule and verifiable double aggregation achieves near-centralized cost for data center energy management without exposing local data.

  5. HyFedRAG: A Federated Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for Heterogeneous and Privacy-Sensitive Data

    cs.AI 2025-09 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    HyFedRAG is a federated RAG framework over heterogeneous data with local anonymization and three-tier caching, but the experiments do not support its headline performance and privacy claims.

  6. Efficient Privacy-Preserving Recommendation on Sparse Data using Fully Homomorphic Encryption

    cs.CR 2025-09 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    Encrypted matrix factorization using Compressed Sparse Row representation and CKKS fully homomorphic encryption is claimed to reduce communication cost to M/L ciphertexts while keeping accuracy, but the evaluation lac...

  7. Secure Distributed Learning for CAVs: Defending Against Gradient Leakage with Leveled Homomorphic Encryption

    cs.CR 2025-06 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    The paper claims CKKS-based selective encryption can protect federated learning from gradient leakage while preserving accuracy, but it never runs a leakage attack and gives the server the decryption key.

  8. Technical Evaluation of a Disruptive Approach in Homomorphic AI

    cs.CR 2025-06 reject novelty 2.0 of 10

    A self-evaluation by the scheme's co-designer of a black-box 'homomorphic AI' hash reports perfect clustering on one dataset but degraded off-the-shelf accuracy on Fashion-MNIST, improved only after custom post-hoc tuning.

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