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Misalignment of terrestrial circumbinary planets as an indicator of their formation mechanism
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Submitted 21 Feb 2022
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Misaligned terrestrial circumbinary planets may be able to form in the presence of a misaligned circumbinary gas disk that may help to nodally align the particle orbits and maintain the inclination of the planets during their formation.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Circumbinary gas disks are often observed to be misaligned to the binary orbit suggesting that planet formation may proceed in a misaligned disk. With N-body simulations we consider the formation of circumbinary terrestrial planets from a particle disk that is initially misaligned. We find that if terrestrial planets form in this way, in the absence of gas, they can only form close to coplanar or close to polar to the binary orbit. Planets around a circular binary form coplanar while planets around an eccentric binary can form coplanar or polar depending on the initial disk misalignment and the binary eccentricity. The more massive a terrestrial planet is, the more aligned it is (to coplanar or polar) since it has undergone more mergers that lead on average to smaller misalignment angles. Nodal precession of particle disks with very large initial inclinations lead to high mutual inclinations between the particles. This produces high relative velocities between particles that leads to mass ejections that can completely inhibit planet formation. Misaligned terrestrial circumbinary planets may be able to form in the presence of a misaligned circumbinary gas disk that may help to nodally align the particle orbits and maintain the inclination of the planets during their formation.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Circumbinary gas disks are often observed to be misaligned to the binary orbit suggesting that planet formation may proceed in a misaligned disk. | background 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | hedged possibility 0.91 |
| s1 | With N-body simulations we consider the formation of circumbinary terrestrial planets from a particle disk that is initially misaligned. | method 0.59 | 0.88 | 0.04 | asserted 0.79 |
| s2 | We find that if terrestrial planets form in this way, in the absence of gas, they can only form close to coplanar or close to polar to the binary orbit. | result 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.48 | asserted 0.93 |
| s3 | Planets around a circular binary form coplanar while planets around an eccentric binary can form coplanar or polar depending on the initial disk misalignment and the binary eccentricity. | result 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.23 | asserted 0.98 |
| s4 | The more massive a terrestrial planet is, the more aligned it is (to coplanar or polar) since it has undergone more mergers that lead on average to smaller misalignment angles. | result 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.15 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | Nodal precession of particle disks with very large initial inclinations lead to high mutual inclinations between the particles. | result 0.95 | 0.73 | 0.04 | asserted 1.00 |
| s6 | This produces high relative velocities between particles that leads to mass ejections that can completely inhibit planet formation. | result 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.06 | asserted 0.60 |
| s7 | Misaligned terrestrial circumbinary planets may be able to form in the presence of a misaligned circumbinary gas disk that may help to nodally align the particle orbits and maintain the inclination of the planets during their formation. | interpretation 0.90 | 0.30 | 0.42 | hedged possibility 1.00 |
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Original abstract
Circumbinary gas disks are often observed to be misaligned to the binary orbit suggesting that planet formation may proceed in a misaligned disk. With N-body simulations we consider the formation of circumbinary terrestrial planets from a particle disk that is initially misaligned. We find that if terrestrial planets form in this way, in the absence of gas, they can only form close to coplanar or close to polar to the binary orbit. Planets around a circular binary form coplanar while planets around an eccentric binary can form coplanar or polar depending on the initial disk misalignment and the binary eccentricity. The more massive a terrestrial planet is, the more aligned it is (to coplanar or polar) since it has undergone more mergers that lead on average to smaller misalignment angles. Nodal precession of particle disks with very large initial inclinations lead to high mutual inclinations between the particles. This produces high relative velocities between particles that leads to mass ejections that can completely inhibit planet formation. Misaligned terrestrial circumbinary planets may be able to form in the presence of a misaligned circumbinary gas disk that may help to nodally align the particle orbits and maintain the inclination of the planets during their formation.
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