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A Tale of Two Butterflies: An Exact Equivalence in Higher-Derivative Gravity
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We prove the equivalence of two holographic computations of the butterfly velocity in higher-derivative theories with Lagrangian built from arbitrary contractions of curvature tensors. The butterfly velocity characterizes the speed at which local perturbations grow in chaotic many-body systems and can be extracted from the out-of-time-order correlator. This leads to a holographic computation in which the butterfly velocity is determined from a localized shockwave on the horizon of a dual black hole. A second holographic computation uses entanglement wedge reconstruction to define a notion of operator size and determines the butterfly velocity from certain extremal surfaces. By direct computation, we show that these two butterfly velocities match precisely in the aforementioned class of gravitational theories. We also present evidence showing that this equivalence holds in all gravitational theories. Along the way, we prove a number of general results on shockwave spacetimes.
Forward citations
Cited by 5 Pith papers
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Cosmological pole-skipping, shock waves and quantum chaotic dynamics of de Sitter horizons
Pole-skipping in Schwarzschild-de Sitter predicts superluminal and imaginary butterfly velocities, confirmed by shock wave analysis, hinting at nonlocal and non-Hermitian dual dynamics.
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Quantum chaos and pole skipping in two-dimensional conformal perturbation theory
A deformed 2D CFT's stress-tensor pole-skipping point shifts at O(lambda^2); at h=1/2 the shift matches the holographic butterfly velocity.
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Butterfly effect and $\textrm{T}\overline{\textrm{T}}$-deformation
For T\bar{T}-deformed BTZ black holes, the butterfly velocity is v_B = sqrt(1 - 8π² μ/β²), exceeding the Mezei-Stanford bound for μ<0 while the Lyapunov exponent stays at the maximal value 2π/β.
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A Dynamical Systems Framework for Reinforcement Learning Safety and Robustness Verification
The claimed RL safety verification framework is absent from the manuscript; the body text is an unrelated high-energy physics paper about de Sitter horizon chaos.
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Comparative study of the butterfly velocity in holographic QCD models at finite temperature and chemical potential
Using three independent holographic methods, the authors obtain matching butterfly velocities for four QCD-like models and find a universal increase with temperature and decrease with chemical potential.
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