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Have Pulsar Timing Arrays detected the Hot Big Bang? Gravitational Waves from Strong First Order Phase Transitions in the Early Universe

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arxiv 2208.03330 v1 pith:66VEXWVI submitted 2022-08-05 astro-ph.CO hep-phhep-th

classification astro-ph.COhep-phhep-th
keywords banguniversegravitationalphasedarkearlyfirstinflation
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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abstract

The origins of matter and radiation in the universe lie in a Hot Big Bang. We present a number of well-motivated cosmologies in which the Big Bang occurs through a strong first order phase transition -- either at the end of inflation, after a period of kination ("Kination-Induced Big Bang"), or after a second period of vacuum-domination in the early universe ("Supercooled Big Bang"); we also propose a "Dark Big Bang" where only the dark matter in the Universe is created in a first-order phase transition much after inflation. In all of these scenarios, the resulting gravitational radiation can explain the tentative signals reported by the NANOGrav, Parkes and European Pulsar Timing Array experiments if the reheating temperature of the Hot Big Bang, and correspondingly the energy scale of the false vacuum, falls in the range $T_* \sim \rho_{{\rm vac}}^{1/4} $= MeV--100 GeV. All the same models at higher reheating temperatures will be of interest to upcoming ground- and space-based interferometer searches for gravitational waves at larger frequency.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Non-Minimally Coupled Chain Inflation at High Scales

    astro-ph.CO 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A moderate non-minimal coupling ξRφ² breaks the low-scale lock of pure tilted-cosine chain inflation and opens a CMB-viable high-scale branch with interferometer-band gravitational waves and distinctive spectral running.

  2. Supercooled Phase Transitions: Why Thermal History of Hidden Sector Matters in Analysis of Pulsar Timing Array Signals

    hep-ph 2025-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Tracking the evolving temperature ratio between hidden and visible sectors can change a supercooled hidden-sector phase transition's gravitational wave spectrum by up to four orders of magnitude, reviving it as an exp...

  3. Beyond the Daisy Chain: Running and the 3D EFT View of Supercooled Phase Transitions

    hep-ph 2025-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    With renormalisation-group running included, the one-loop high-temperature Daisy-resummed potential at µ=πT reproduces the phase-transition parameters of the two-loop dimensionally reduced EFT, while the no-running on...

  4. Primordial Gravitational Waves from Phase Transitions during Reheating

    astro-ph.CO 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Phase transitions happening during reheating can produce gravitational-wave signals that are delayed, prolonged, and shifted in amplitude and frequency by orders of magnitude compared with standard cosmology.

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