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HALOGAS: Strong Constraints on the Neutral Gas Reservoir and Accretion Rate in Nearby Spiral Galaxies

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Paper breakdownThe authors' claims, conditions and measurements, as JSON Signed receiptProof this review has not been altered
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P. Kamphuis, E. Jütte, G. H. Heald, N. Herrera Ruiz, G. I. G. Józsa, W. J. G. de Blok, P. Serra, A. Marasco
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R.-J. Dettmar, N. M. Pingel, T. Oosterloo, R. J. Rand, R. A. M. Walterbos, J. M. van der Hulst

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 17 Oct 2022

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim These results show that in nearby galaxies HI is not being accreted at the same rate as stars are currently being formed.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID2210.09383 (version 1)
Pith IDU4V6S7P7, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationA. Marasco, E. J\"utte, G. H. Heald, G. I. G. J\'ozsa, J. M. van der Hulst, N. Herrera Ruiz, N. M. Pingel, P. Kamphuis, P. Serra, R. A. M. Walterbos, R.-J. Dettmar, R. J. Rand, T. Oosterloo, W. J. G. de Blok. "HALOGAS: Strong Constraints on the Neutral Gas Reservoir and Accretion Rate in Nearby Spiral Galaxies." arXiv:2210.09383 (2022). https://pith.science/paper/U4V6S7P7
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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 11,939 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.15 · states limitation 0.97 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.14 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.99 · compares with prior results 0.90 · mentions code or data availability 0.03.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

Galaxies in the local Universe are thought to require ongoing replenishment of their gas reservoir in order to maintain the observed star formation rates. Cosmological simulations predict that such accretion can occur in both a dynamically hot and cold mode. However, until now observational evidence of the accretion required to match the observed star formation histories is lacking. This paper attempts to determine whether galaxies in the local Universe possess a significant reservoir of HI and what would be the accretion rates derived from such reservoirs. We search the vicinity of 22 nearby galaxies for isolated HI clouds or distinct streams in a systematic and automated manner. The HALOGAS observations represent one of the most sensitive and detailed HI surveys to date. These observations typically reach column density sensitivities of 10^19 cm^-2 over a 20 km/s width. We find 14 secure HI cloud candidates without an observed optical counterpart. These cloud candidates appear to be analogues to the most massive clouds detected around the Milky Way and M31. However, on average their numbers seem significantly reduced. We constrain upper limits for HI accretion in the local Universe. The average HI mass currently observed amounts to a rate of 0.05 Msun/yr with a stringent upper limit of 0.22 Msun/yr, confirming previous estimates. This is much lower than the average star formation rate in this sample. Our best estimate, based on GBT detection limits of several galaxies, suggests that another 0.04 Msun/yr could be accreted from undetected clouds and streams. These results show that in nearby galaxies HI is not being accreted at the same rate as stars are currently being formed. Our study can not exclude that other forms of gas accretion are at work. However, these observations also do not reveal extended neutral gas reservoirs around most nearby spiral galaxies.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 Galaxies in the local Universe are thought to require ongoing replenishment of their gas reservoir in order to maintain the observed star formation rates. background 1.00 0.04 0.02 hedged possibility 0.86
s1 Cosmological simulations predict that such accretion can occur in both a dynamically hot and cold mode. background 1.00 0.04 0.02 hedged possibility 0.67
s2 However, until now observational evidence of the accretion required to match the observed star formation histories is lacking. gap 1.00 0.04 0.02 asserted 1.00
s3 This paper attempts to determine whether galaxies in the local Universe possess a significant reservoir of HI and what would be the accretion rates derived from such reservoirs. contribution 0.92 0.36 0.03 unclear 0.65
s4 We search the vicinity of 22 nearby galaxies for isolated HI clouds or distinct streams in a systematic and automated manner. method 0.91 0.96 0.02 asserted 0.96
s5 The HALOGAS observations represent one of the most sensitive and detailed HI surveys to date. method 0.76 0.66 0.02 asserted 0.99
s6 These observations typically reach column density sensitivities of 10^19 cm^-2 over a 20 km/s width. method 0.98 0.84 0.02 asserted 0.95
s7 We find 14 secure HI cloud candidates without an observed optical counterpart. result 1.00 0.97 0.06 asserted 1.00
s8 These cloud candidates appear to be analogues to the most massive clouds detected around the Milky Way and M31. interpretation 0.60 0.82 0.03 asserted 0.78
s9 However, on average their numbers seem significantly reduced. result 0.91 0.85 0.06 asserted 0.59
s10 We constrain upper limits for HI accretion in the local Universe. result 0.55 0.94 0.20 asserted 0.98
s11 The average HI mass currently observed amounts to a rate of 0.05 Msun/yr with a stringent upper limit of 0.22 Msun/yr, confirming previous estimates. result 1.00 0.77 0.28 asserted 1.00
s12 This is much lower than the average star formation rate in this sample. interpretation 0.62 0.85 0.14 asserted 1.00
s13 Our best estimate, based on GBT detection limits of several galaxies, suggests that another 0.04 Msun/yr could be accreted from undetected clouds and streams. result 0.97 0.93 0.08 hedged possibility 1.00
s14 These results show that in nearby galaxies HI is not being accreted at the same rate as stars are currently being formed. interpretation 0.79 0.93 0.72 asserted 1.00
s15 Our study can not exclude that other forms of gas accretion are at work. limitation 0.87 0.57 0.05 hedged possibility 0.95
s16 However, these observations also do not reveal extended neutral gas reservoirs around most nearby spiral galaxies. result 0.90 0.95 0.30 asserted 0.96

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 0.99.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
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not examined
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  • relations to other papers
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Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

Galaxies in the local Universe are thought to require ongoing replenishment of their gas reservoir in order to maintain the observed star formation rates. Cosmological simulations predict that such accretion can occur in both a dynamically hot and cold mode. However, until now observational evidence of the accretion required to match the observed star formation histories is lacking. This paper attempts to determine whether galaxies in the local Universe possess a significant reservoir of HI and what would be the accretion rates derived from such reservoirs. We search the vicinity of 22 nearby galaxies for isolated HI clouds or distinct streams in a systematic and automated manner. The HALOGAS observations represent one of the most sensitive and detailed HI surveys to date. These observations typically reach column density sensitivities of 10^19 cm^-2 over a 20 km/s width. We find 14 secure HI cloud candidates without an observed optical counterpart. These cloud candidates appear to be analogues to the most massive clouds detected around the Milky Way and M31. However, on average their numbers seem significantly reduced. We constrain upper limits for HI accretion in the local Universe. The average HI mass currently observed amounts to a rate of 0.05 Msun/yr with a stringent upper limit of 0.22 Msun/yr, confirming previous estimates. This is much lower than the average star formation rate in this sample. Our best estimate, based on GBT detection limits of several galaxies, suggests that another 0.04 Msun/yr could be accreted from undetected clouds and streams. These results show that in nearby galaxies HI is not being accreted at the same rate as stars are currently being formed. Our study can not exclude that other forms of gas accretion are at work. However, these observations also do not reveal extended neutral gas reservoirs around most nearby spiral galaxies.

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