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Tetraquarks and pentaquarks in lattice QCD with light and heavy quarks
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We review how lattice QCD can contribute to the prediction and the comprehension of tetraquarks, pentaquarks and related exotic hadrons, with at least one heavy quark. We include all families of exotic hadrons, except for the quarkless glueballs and the hexaquarks which are related to nuclear physics. Since the discovery of quarks and the development of the QCD theory, there has been a large interest in exotic hadrons, initiated by the tetraquark models developed by Jaffe in 1977. Lattice QCD, being a first principle approach to solve non-perturbative QCD, has been crucial not only to compute precise results, but also to inspire research in hadronic physics. In the new millennium, this interest exploded with several experimental discoveries of tetraquark and pentaquark resonances with heavy quarks, starting with the Zc and Zb. Lattice QCD has not yet been able to comprehend this Z class of tetraquarks, and is developing new methods to determine their masses, decay widths and decay processes. The interest in tetraquarks was also fuelled by the lattice QCD prediction of a second class of tetraquarks such as the Tbb, boundstates in the sense of having no strong decays. Recently, the Tcc tetraquark, first predicted with quark models in 1982 by Richard et al, was observed experimentally. We expect the lattice QCD community will be able to explore this T class of tetraquarks in more detail and with very precise results. We report on all the different direct and indirect approaches that lattice QCD, with more focus on tetraquarks, has been employing to study exotic hadrons with at least one heavy quark. We also briefly review the experimental progress in observing tetraquarks and pentaquarks, and some of the theoretical paradigms of tetraquarks, including three different types of mechanisms (diquark, molecular and s pole), comparing them with the results of lattice QCD.
Forward citations
Cited by 9 Pith papers
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Electromagnetic form factors and structure of the $T_{bb}$ tetraquark from lattice QCD
Lattice QCD on one ensemble yields electromagnetic form factors for T_bb, indicating a compact heavy diquark plus light antidiquark bound state with charge radius smaller than the BB* threshold.
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Systematic Study of Coupled-Channel Dynamics in Doubly Heavy Hadronic Molecules
Explicit coupled-channel dynamics modifies pole structures and can eliminate or shift higher-lying states in doubly heavy systems, while single-channel models suffice only for near-threshold states like T_cc.
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Inverse Excitation Hierarchy in Doubly-Heavy Tetraquarks within the Diquark Model
In a diquark-model calculation, the ρ-mode excitation of Tcc (inside the light diquark) lies below the λ-mode excitation (between diquarks), an 'inverse hierarchy' driven by the light diquark's large size.
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Symmetry Analysis of Compact Tetraquark States and Implications for the Level Ordering of the Fully Charmed Candidates $X(6600)$, $X(6900)$, and $X(7100)$
Symmetry analysis of compact tetraquarks shows low-energy states favor J^P=2+ and places X(6600), X(6900), X(7100) among the lower levels of the fully charmed spectrum.
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Symmetry Analysis of Compact Tetraquark States and Implications for the Level Ordering of the Fully Charmed Candidates $X(6600)$, $X(6900)$, and $X(7100)$
Counting symmetry-allowed states up to orbital angular momentum L=3 predicts low-lying compact tetraquarks prefer J^P=2^+, matching the observed 2^{++} fully charmed X states.
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Multimodal Fragmentation of All-Heavy Pentaquarks: Uncertainty-Aware Predictions for Hadron Colliders
A multimodal, uncertainty-quantified set of leading-power fragmentation functions for all-charm pentaquarks is constructed and applied to NLL/NLO+ pentaquark-plus-jet production at future hadron colliders.
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Observation and investigation of the $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+}$ structure in $B^{+} \to \psi(2S) K_{\text{S}}^{0} \pi^{+}$ decays
First 4D amplitude analysis of B+ → ψ(2S) K_S0 π+ confirms the exotic T_{c c-bar 1}(4430)+ structure with properties consistent with prior observations in the isospin-related channel.
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Investigating the two-pion exchange of the double charm $DD^*$ chiral interactions and $T_{cc}$
In this chiral EFT calculation the I=0 DD* two-pion-exchange potential is repulsive, and its near-cancellation with attractive contact and one-pion terms provides the weak binding of Tcc.
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Multimodal Fragmentation of All-Heavy Pentaquarks: Uncertainty-Aware Predictions for Hadron Colliders
Develops uncertainty-aware fragmentation functions PQ5Q1.1 for all-charm pentaquarks using multimodal perturbative and nonperturbative modeling for collider predictions.
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