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Ultra-luminous X-ray sources: extreme accretion and feedback
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Ultra-luminous X-ray sources: extreme accretion and feedback
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Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are the most extreme members of the X-ray binary population, exhibiting X-ray luminosities that can surpass the 10^39 erg/s threshold (by orders of magnitude). They are mainly seen in external galaxies and are most preferentially found in star-forming galaxies with lower metallicities. The vast majority of these systems are now understood to be powered by super-Eddington accretion of matter onto stellar-mass compact objects (black holes and neutron stars). This is driven by the discovery of coherent pulsations, cyclotron lines and powerful winds in members of the ULX population. The latter was possible thanks to high-resolution X-ray spectrometers such as those aboard XMM-Newton. ULX winds carry a huge amount of power owing to their relativistic speeds (0.1-0.3 c) and are likely responsible for the ~100 pc superbubbles observed around many ULXs. The winds also regulate the amount of matter that can reach the central accretor. Their study is, therefore, essential to understanding how quickly compact objects can grow and how strong their feedback onto the surrounding medium can be. This may also be relevant to understand supermassive black hole growth, particularly in the early Universe. Here we provide an overview on ULX phenomenology, highlight some recent exciting results, and show how future missions such as XRISM and ATHENA will drive further significant progress in this field.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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Spectral and timing analysis of NGC 4631 X-4 using Chandra, XMM-Newton and Swift data shows variability and spectral shapes supporting super-Eddington accretion onto a stellar-mass compact object without distinguishin...
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Deep optical spectroscopic monitoring of the pulsating ULX NGC 1313 X-2 with longslit Gemini observations
Gemini spectroscopy suggests an A-type supergiant donor in NGC 1313 X-2 and provides updated constraints on orbital parameters, disk size, and gas bubble expansion.
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A candidate cyclotron line at 1.89 keV in the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 4861 X-2
A candidate proton cyclotron resonant scattering feature at 1.89 keV is detected in NGC 4861 X-2, implying B ~ (3-4) x 10^14 G.
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Deep VLBI constraints on compact radio cores in four ultraluminous X-ray sources
Deep VLBI observations of four ULXs yield no compact radio detections and tight upper limits, disfavoring persistently bright hard-state-like compact cores.
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Spectral study of X-ray sources in some galaxies recently observed by Chandra
Spectral fitting of 27 Chandra sources in 9 galaxies classifies 6 as XRBs and 21 as ULXs, with one soft ULX implying a ~138 solar-mass black hole and 8 sources exceeding 10^40 erg/s luminosity.
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