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An Effective Model for the Cosmic-Dawn 21-cm Signal
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abstract
The 21-cm signal holds the key to understanding the first structure formation during cosmic dawn. Theoretical progress over the last decade has focused on simulations of this signal, given the nonlinear and nonlocal relation between initial conditions and observables (21-cm or reionization maps). Here, instead, we propose an {\it effective} and fully analytic model for the 21-cm signal during cosmic dawn. We take advantage of the exponential-like behavior of the local star-formation rate density (SFRD) against densities at early times to analytically find its correlation functions including nonlinearities. The SFRD acts as the building block to obtain the statistics of radiative fields (X-ray and Lyman-$\alpha$ fluxes), and therefore the 21-cm signal. We implement this model as the public Python package Zeus21. This code can fully predict the 21-cm global signal and power spectrum in $\sim 1$ s, with negligible memory requirements. When comparing against state-of-the-art semi-numerical simulations from 21CMFAST we find agreement to $\sim10\%$ precision in both the 21-cm global signal and power spectra, after accounting for a (previously missed) underestimation of adiabatic fluctuations in 21CMFAST. Zeus21 is modular, allowing the user to vary the astrophysical model for the first galaxies, and interfaces with the cosmological code CLASS, which enables searches for beyond standard-model cosmology in 21-cm data. This represents a step towards bringing 21-cm to the era of precision cosmology.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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Ignoring the percent-level phase offset between BAO and VAO features in the cosmic-dawn 21-cm power spectrum biases H(z) by ~2%; joint BAO–VAO templates are required for standard-ruler inference.
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Adding Pop III stars to the oLIMpus analytical framework shows that only next-generation instruments can detect the H-alpha/HeII cross-correlation and constrain the first stars' IMF.
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When galaxies burst II. Implications of enhanced burstiness for the 21-cm Cosmic Dawn signal
Bursty star formation adds a shot-noise-like term to the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm power spectrum, boosting it by factors of a few at the Wouthuysen-Field trough and strongly on small scales at high redshift.
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A New Boundary Condition on Reionization
A zero-lag Pearson correlation between 21-cm and line-intensity maps is predicted to drop sharply at ionized fractions of 1-10%, providing a novel marker for the onset of reionization.
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Tracing the Neutrino-Induced Phase Shift in the 21-cm Spectrum
The neutrino-induced phase shift in the 21-cm power spectrum is a redshift- and scale-dependent weighted average of two distinct templates: the known BAO phase shift and a newly computed, larger VAO phase shift.
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Analytical modeling of the one-dimensional power spectrum of 21-cm forest based on a halo model method
A halo-model formula for the 1D power spectrum of the 21-cm forest is presented and shown to match small-scale simulations built from the same gas and temperature assumptions.
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