RECORD
Anomaly Detection with Ensemble of Encoder and Decoder
Machine Learning · Submitted 11 Mar 2023
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Experiment results on network intrusion and power system datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, where our models consistently outperform all baselines.
The compiled record
The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Hacking and false data injection from adversaries can threaten power grids' everyday operations and cause significant economic loss. Anomaly detection in power grids aims to detect and discriminate anomalies caused by cyber attacks against the power system, which is essential for keeping power grids working correctly and efficiently. Different methods have been applied for anomaly detection, such as statistical methods and machine learning-based methods. Usually, machine learning-based methods need to model the normal data distribution. In this work, we propose a novel anomaly detection method by modeling the data distribution of normal samples via multiple encoders and decoders. Specifically, the proposed method maps input samples into a latent space and then reconstructs output samples from latent vectors. The extra encoder finally maps reconstructed samples to latent representations. During the training phase, we optimize parameters by minimizing the reconstruction loss and encoding loss. Training samples are re-weighted to focus more on missed correlations between features of normal data. Furthermore, we employ the long short-term memory model as encoders and decoders to test its effectiveness. We also investigate a meta-learning-based framework for hyper-parameter tuning of our approach. Experiment results on network intrusion and power system datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, where our models consistently outperform all baselines.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Hacking and false data injection from adversaries can threaten power grids' everyday operations and cause significant economic loss. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | asserted 0.64 |
| s1 | Anomaly detection in power grids aims to detect and discriminate anomalies caused by cyber attacks against the power system, which is essential for keeping power grids working correctly and efficiently. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | Different methods have been applied for anomaly detection, such as statistical methods and machine learning-based methods. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | Usually, machine learning-based methods need to model the normal data distribution. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | asserted 0.92 |
| s4 | In this work, we propose a novel anomaly detection method by modeling the data distribution of normal samples via multiple encoders and decoders. | contribution 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.10 | asserted 0.99 |
| s5 | Specifically, the proposed method maps input samples into a latent space and then reconstructs output samples from latent vectors. | method 1.00 | 0.77 | 0.03 | asserted 0.99 |
| s6 | The extra encoder finally maps reconstructed samples to latent representations. | method 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.02 | asserted 0.99 |
| s7 | During the training phase, we optimize parameters by minimizing the reconstruction loss and encoding loss. | method 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.02 | asserted 0.99 |
| s8 | Training samples are re-weighted to focus more on missed correlations between features of normal data. | method 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.02 | asserted 0.99 |
| s9 | Furthermore, we employ the long short-term memory model as encoders and decoders to test its effectiveness. | method 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.02 | asserted 0.72 |
| s10 | We also investigate a meta-learning-based framework for hyper-parameter tuning of our approach. | method 0.73 | 0.93 | 0.02 | asserted 0.82 |
| s11 | Experiment results on network intrusion and power system datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, where our models consistently outperform all baselines. | result 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.91 | asserted 1.00 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Hacking and false data injection from adversaries can threaten power grids' everyday operations and cause significant economic loss. Anomaly detection in power grids aims to detect and discriminate anomalies caused by cyber attacks against the power system, which is essential for keeping power grids working correctly and efficiently. Different methods have been applied for anomaly detection, such as statistical methods and machine learning-based methods. Usually, machine learning-based methods need to model the normal data distribution. In this work, we propose a novel anomaly detection method by modeling the data distribution of normal samples via multiple encoders and decoders. Specifically, the proposed method maps input samples into a latent space and then reconstructs output samples from latent vectors. The extra encoder finally maps reconstructed samples to latent representations. During the training phase, we optimize parameters by minimizing the reconstruction loss and encoding loss. Training samples are re-weighted to focus more on missed correlations between features of normal data. Furthermore, we employ the long short-term memory model as encoders and decoders to test its effectiveness. We also investigate a meta-learning-based framework for hyper-parameter tuning of our approach. Experiment results on network intrusion and power system datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, where our models consistently outperform all baselines.
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