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Supermassive black holes triggered by QCD axion bubbles

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Hai-Jun Li, Ying-Quan Peng, Wei Chao, Yu-Feng Zhou

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 3 Apr 2023

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The PBHs at this mass region may account for the seeds of SMBHs.

how it is stated · hedged possibility 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID2304.00939 (version 2)
Pith IDMHIBOTJU, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationHai-Jun Li, Wei Chao, Ying-Quan Peng, Yu-Feng Zhou. "Supermassive black holes triggered by QCD axion bubbles." arXiv:2304.00939 (2023). https://pith.science/paper/MHIBOTJU
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The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 5,071 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.12 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.97 · compares with prior results 0.05 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

The supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are ubiquitous in the center of galaxies, although the origin of their massive seeds is still unknown. In this paper, we investigate the SMBHs formation from the QCD axion bubbles. In this case, the primordial black holes (PBHs) are considered as the seeds of SMBHs, which are generated from the QCD axion bubbles due to an explicit Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry breaking after inflation. The QCD axion bubbles are formed when the QCD axion starts to oscillate during the QCD phase transition. We consider a general case in which the axion bubbles are formed with the bubble effective angle $\theta_{\rm eff}\in(0, \, \pi]$, leading to the minimum PBH mass $\sim\mathcal{O}(10^4-10^7)M_\odot$ for the axion decay constant $f_a\sim\mathcal{O}(10^{16})\, \rm GeV$. The PBHs at this mass region may account for the seeds of SMBHs.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 The supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are ubiquitous in the center of galaxies, although the origin of their massive seeds is still unknown. background 0.64 0.04 0.02 asserted 1.00
s1 In this paper, we investigate the SMBHs formation from the QCD axion bubbles. contribution 1.00 0.78 0.07 asserted 0.52
s2 In this case, the primordial black holes (PBHs) are considered as the seeds of SMBHs, which are generated from the QCD axion bubbles due to an explicit Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry breaking after inflation. contribution 0.53 0.22 0.25 asserted 0.94
s3 The QCD axion bubbles are formed when the QCD axion starts to oscillate during the QCD phase transition. background 0.77 0.11 0.03 asserted 1.00
s4 We consider a general case in which the axion bubbles are formed with the bubble effective angle $\theta_{\rm eff}\in(0, \, \pi]$, leading to the minimum PBH mass $\sim\mathcal{O}(10^4-10^7)M_\odot$ for the axion decay constant $f_a\sim\mathcal{O}(10^{16})\, \rm GeV$. result 0.97 0.82 0.39 asserted 0.92
s5 The PBHs at this mass region may account for the seeds of SMBHs. interpretation 0.98 0.46 0.54 hedged possibility 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.73.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v2
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
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  • P abstract
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  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

The supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are ubiquitous in the center of galaxies, although the origin of their massive seeds is still unknown. In this paper, we investigate the SMBHs formation from the QCD axion bubbles. In this case, the primordial black holes (PBHs) are considered as the seeds of SMBHs, which are generated from the QCD axion bubbles due to an explicit Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry breaking after inflation. The QCD axion bubbles are formed when the QCD axion starts to oscillate during the QCD phase transition. We consider a general case in which the axion bubbles are formed with the bubble effective angle $\theta_{\rm eff}\in(0, \, \pi]$, leading to the minimum PBH mass $\sim\mathcal{O}(10^4-10^7)M_\odot$ for the axion decay constant $f_a\sim\mathcal{O}(10^{16})\, \rm GeV$. The PBHs at this mass region may account for the seeds of SMBHs.

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References
How the literature uses it

7 arXiv papers cite this in 7 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 2 sentences without a confident label

Compares with it 1 paper
  • Moreover, this mechanism differs fundamentally from the following ones, including Ref. [ref] which requires the presence of false vacuum induced by a bias potential to form PBHs and requires $N_DW≥2$, Ref. [ref] which needs closed walls generated by fluctuations of axion field, and Refs. [ref] which need the generation of overdensity fluctuations of particle axions to form PBHs.

    New mechanism for primordial black hole formation from the QCD axion · Introduction · 0.99

Cites it as background 4 papers

What it cites · 24 sentences without a confident label

Uses data or values from 4 papers
  • The energy density of PBH at the temperature $T_B$ is given by [equation] Then the fractional abundance of PBH at present can be described by [ref] [equation] where $Ω_DM≃0.268$ is the total cold DM abundance [ref] , and $ρ_c$ is the critical energy density.

    Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters · SMBHs from the general QCD axion bubbles · 0.90

  • The energy density of PBH at the temperature $T_B$ is given by [equation] Then the fractional abundance of PBH at present can be described by [ref] [equation] where $Ω_DM≃0.268$ is the total cold DM abundance [ref] , and $ρ_c$ is the critical energy density.

    QCD axion bubbles in the presence of ALP resonant conversion · SMBHs from the general QCD axion bubbles · 0.90

  • The QCD axion effective potential is given by [equation] with the axion field $ϕ$, the axion decay constant $f_a$, the axion angle $θ=ϕ/f_a$, and the temperature-dependent axion mass [ref] [equation] where $m_a,0≃5.70(7) μeV(10^12 GeV/f_a)$ is the zero-temperature axion mass [ref] , $T$ is the cosmic temperature, and $T_QCD≃150 MeV$ is the QCD scale.

    Lattice QCD for Cosmology · General QCD axion bubbles · 0.91

Compares with 3 papers
Cites as support 1 paper
Cites as background 34 papers

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