Isomorphisms among quantum Grothendieck rings and cluster algebras

We establish a cluster theoretical interpretation of the isomorphisms of [F.-H.-O.-O., J. Reine Angew. Math., 2022] among quantum Grothendieck rings of representations of quantum loop algebras. Consequently, we obtain a quantization of the monoidal categorification theorem of [Kashiwara-Kim-Oh-Park, arXiv:2103.10067]. We establish applications of these new ingredients. First we solve long-standing problems for any non-simply-laced quantum loop algebras: the positivity of $(q,t)$-characters of all simple modules, and the analog of Kazhdan-Lusztig conjecture for all reachable modules (in the cluster monoidal categorification). We also establish the conjectural quantum $T$-systems for the $(q,t)$-characters of Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules. Eventually, we show that our isomorphisms arise from explicit birational transformations of variables, which we call substitution formulas. This reveals new non-trivial relations among $(q, t)$-characters of simple modules.