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Knowledge of Knowledge: Exploring Known-Unknowns Uncertainty with Large Language Models

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arxiv 2305.13712 v3 pith:P6TJZYID submitted 2023-05-23 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords uncertaintyknowledgemodelsllmsquestionsdatasetexpressfine-tuned
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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This paper investigates the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of understanding their knowledge and uncertainty over questions. Specifically, we focus on addressing known-unknown questions, characterized by high uncertainty due to the absence of definitive answers. To facilitate our study, we collect a new dataset with Known-Unknown Questions (KUQ) and establish a categorization framework to clarify the origins of uncertainty in such queries. Subsequently, we examine the performance of open-source LLMs, fine-tuned using this dataset, in distinguishing between known and unknown queries within open-ended question-answering scenarios. The fine-tuned models demonstrated a significant improvement, achieving a considerable increase in F1-score relative to their pre-fine-tuning state. Through a comprehensive analysis, we reveal insights into the models' improved uncertainty articulation and their consequent efficacy in multi-agent debates. These findings help us understand how LLMs can be trained to identify and express uncertainty, improving our knowledge of how they understand and express complex or unclear information.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. HopRefusalBench: Diagnosing Refusal Failures in Search-Augmented Agents for Multi-Hop Reasoning

    cs.CL 2026-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A new benchmark shows search-augmented LLMs correctly refuse only up to 42.9% of unanswerable multi-hop questions, with failures split between hallucinated answers and search exhaustion.

  2. AbstentionBench: Reasoning LLMs Fail on Unanswerable Questions

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Reasoning fine-tuning makes LLMs more accurate on answerable problems but worse at abstaining on unanswerable ones, across a new 20-dataset benchmark.

  3. UAQFact: Evaluating Factual Knowledge Utilization of LLMs on Unanswerable Questions

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A new bilingual benchmark ties unanswerable questions to Wikidata facts and shows that LLMs often store the relevant knowledge yet fail to use it to recognize unanswerability.

  4. Uncertainty-o: One Model-agnostic Framework for Unveiling Uncertainty in Large Multimodal Models

    cs.CV 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Uncertainty-o estimates uncertainty in large multimodal models by perturbing prompts and computing entropy over semantically clustered answers, improving hallucination detection across five modalities.

  5. Loki's Dance of Illusions: A Comprehensive Survey of Hallucination in Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 reject novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey of LLM hallucination research that formalizes hallucination types and argues, via incompleteness and undecidability arguments, that hallucinations cannot be fully eliminated.

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