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Constraining models for the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with a novel combined analysis of arrival directions, spectrum, and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

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arxiv 2305.16693 v2 pith:I6TW7LTQ submitted 2023-05-26 astro-ph.HE

Constraining models for the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with a novel combined analysis of arrival directions, spectrum, and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration: A. Abdul Halim , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , I. Allekotte , K. Almeida Cheminant , A. Almela , R. Aloisio , J. Alvarez-Mu\~niz
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J. Ammerman Yebra G.A. Anastasi L. Anchordoqui B. Andrada S. Andringa C. Aramo P.R. Ara\'ujo Ferreira E. Arnone J. C. Arteaga Vel\'azquez H. Asorey P. Assis G. Avila E. Avocone A.M. Badescu A. Bakalova A. Balaceanu F. Barbato A. Bartz Mocellin J.A. Bellido C. Berat M.E. Bertaina G. Bhatta M. Bianciotto P.L. Biermann V. Binet K. Bismark T. Bister J. Biteau J. Blazek C. Bleve J. Bl\"umer M. Boh\'a\v{c}ov\'a D. Boncioli C. Bonifazi L. Bonneau Arbeletche N. Borodai J. Brack P.G. Brichetto Orchera F.L. Briechle A. Bueno S. Buitink M. Buscemi M. B\"usken A. Bwembya K.S. Caballero-Mora L. Caccianiga I. Caracas R. Caruso A. Castellina F. Catalani G. Cataldi L. Cazon M. Cerda J.A. Chinellato J. Chudoba L. Chytka R.W. Clay A.C. Cobos Cerutti R. Colalillo A. Coleman M.R. Coluccia R. Concei\c{c}\~ao A. Condorelli G. Consolati M. Conte F. Convenga D. Correia dos Santos P.J. Costa C.E. Covault M. Cristinziani C.S. Cruz Sanchez S. Dasso K. Daumiller B.R. Dawson R.M. de Almeida J. de Jes\'us S.J. de Jong J.R.T. de Mello Neto I. De Mitri J. de Oliveira D. de Oliveira Franco F. de Palma V. de Souza E. De Vito A. Del Popolo O. Deligny L. Deval A. di Matteo M. Dobre C. Dobrigkeit J.C. D'Olivo L.M. Domingues Mendes J.C. dos Anjos R.C. dos Anjos J. Ebr F. Ellwanger M. Emam R. Engel I. Epicoco M. Erdmann A. Etchegoyen C. Evoli H. Falcke J. Farmer G. Farrar A.C. Fauth N. Fazzini F. Feldbusch F. Fenu A. Fernandes B. Fick J.M. Figueira A. Filip\v{c}i\v{c} T. Fitoussi B. Flaggs T. Fodran T. Fujii A. Fuster C. Galea C. Galelli B. Garc\'ia C. Gaudu H. Gemmeke F. Gesualdi A. Gherghel-Lascu P.L. Ghia U. Giaccari M. Giammarchi J. Glombitza F. Gobbi F. Gollan G. Golup M. G\'omez Berisso P.F. G\'omez Vitale J.P. Gongora J.M. Gonz\'alez N. Gonz\'alez I. Goos D. G\'ora A. Gorgi M. Gottowik T.D. Grubb F. Guarino G.P. Guedes E. Guido S. Hahn P. Hamal M.R. Hampel P. Hansen D. Harari V.M. Harvey A. Haungs T. Hebbeker C. Hojvat J.R. H\"orandel P. Horvath M. Hrabovsk\'y T. Huege A. Insolia P.G. Isar P. Janecek J.A. Johnsen J. Jurysek A. K\"a\"ap\"a K.H. Kampert B. Keilhauer A. Khakurdikar V.V. Kizakke Covilakam H.O. Klages M. Kleifges F. Knapp N. Kunka B.L. Lago N. Langner M.A. Leigui de Oliveira Y Lema-Capeans V. Lenok A. Letessier-Selvon I. Lhenry-Yvon D. Lo Presti L. Lopes L. Lu Q. Luce J.P. Lundquist A. Machado Payeras M. Majercakova D. Mandat B.C. Manning P. Mantsch S. Marafico F.M. Mariani A.G. Mariazzi I.C. Mari\c{s} G. Marsella D. Martello S. Martinelli O. Mart\'inez Bravo M.A. Martins M. Mastrodicasa H.J. Mathes J. Matthews G. Matthiae E. Mayotte S. Mayotte P.O. Mazur G. Medina-Tanco J. Meinert D. Melo A. Menshikov C. Merx S. Michal M.I. Micheletti L. Miramonti S. Mollerach F. Montanet L. Morejon C. Morello A.L. M\"uller K. Mulrey R. Mussa M. Muzio W.M. Namasaka A. Nasr-Esfahani L. Nellen G. Nicora M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu M. Niechciol D. Nitz D. Nosek V. Novotny L. No\v{z}ka A Nucita L.A. N\'u\~nez C. Oliveira M. Palatka J. Pallotta G. Parente J. Pawlowsky M. Pech J. P\k{e}kala R. Pelayo L.A.S. Pereira E.E. Pereira Martins J. Perez Armand C. P\'erez Bertolli L. Perrone S. Petrera C. Petrucci T. Pierog M. Pimenta M. Platino B. Pont M. Pothast M. Pourmohammad Shahvar P. Privitera M. Prouza A. Puyleart S. Querchfeld J. Rautenberg D. Ravignani M. Reininghaus J. Ridky F. Riehn M. Risse V. Rizi W. Rodrigues de Carvalho E. Rodriguez J. Rodriguez Rojo M.J. Roncoroni S. Rossoni M. Roth A.C. Rovero P. Ruehl A. Saftoiu M. Saharan F. Salamida H. Salazar G. Salina J.D. Sanabria Gomez F. S\'anchez E.M. Santos E. Santos F. Sarazin R. Sarmento R. Sato P. Savina C.M. Sch\"afer V. Scherini H. Schieler M. Schimassek M. Schimp F. Schl\"uter D. Schmidt O. Scholten H. Schoorlemmer P. Schov\'anek F.G. Schr\"oder J. Schulte T. Schulz S.J. Sciutto M. Scornavacche A. Segreto S. Sehgal S.U. Shivashankara G. Sigl G. Silli O. Sima F. Simon R. Smau R. \v{S}m\'ida P. Sommers J.F. Soriano R. Squartini M. Stadelmaier D. Stanca S. Stani\v{c} J. Stasielak P. Stassi M. Straub A. Streich M. Su\'arez-Dur\'an T. Suomij\"arvi A.D. Supanitsky Z. Svozilikova Z. Szadkowski A. Tapia C. Taricco C. Timmermans O. Tkachenko P. Tobiska C.J. Todero Peixoto B. Tom\'e Z. Torr\`es A. Travaini P. Travnicek C. Trimarelli M. Tueros M. Unger L. Vaclavek M. Vacula J.F. Vald\'es Galicia L. Valore E. Varela A. V\'asquez-Ram\'irez D. Veberi\v{c} C. Ventura I.D. Vergara Quispe V. Verzi J. Vicha J. Vink J. Vlastimil S. Vorobiov C. Watanabe A.A. Watson A. Weindl L. Wiencke H. Wilczy\'nski D. Wittkowski B. Wundheiler B. Yue A. Yushkov O. Zapparrata E. Zas D. Zavrtanik M. Zavrtanik
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The combined fit of the measured energy spectrum and shower maximum depth distributions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is known to constrain the parameters of astrophysical models with homogeneous source distributions. Studies of the distribution of the cosmic-ray arrival directions show a better agreement with models in which a fraction of the flux is non-isotropic and associated with the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A or with catalogs such as that of starburst galaxies. Here, we present a novel combination of both analyses by a simultaneous fit of arrival directions, energy spectrum, and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory. We find that a model containing a flux contribution from the starburst galaxy catalog of around 20% at 40 EeV with a magnetic field blurring of around $20^\circ$ for a rigidity of 10 EV provides a fair simultaneous description of all three observables. The starburst galaxy model is favored with a significance of $4.5\sigma$ (considering experimental systematic effects) compared to a reference model with only homogeneously distributed background sources. By investigating a scenario with Centaurus A as a single source in combination with the homogeneous background, we confirm that this region of the sky provides the dominant contribution to the observed anisotropy signal. Models containing a catalog of jetted active galactic nuclei whose flux scales with the $\gamma$-ray emission are, however, disfavored as they cannot adequately describe the measured arrival directions.

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