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Reasoning or Reciting? Exploring the Capabilities and Limitations of Language Models Through Counterfactual Tasks

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arxiv 2307.02477 v3 pith:YK4EUGHC submitted 2023-07-05 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords tasksperformancecounterfactuallanguageskillsabstractacrossdefault
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The impressive performance of recent language models across a wide range of tasks suggests that they possess a degree of abstract reasoning skills. Are these skills general and transferable, or specialized to specific tasks seen during pretraining? To disentangle these effects, we propose an evaluation framework based on "counterfactual" task variants that deviate from the default assumptions underlying standard tasks. Across a suite of 11 tasks, we observe nontrivial performance on the counterfactual variants, but nevertheless find that performance substantially and consistently degrades compared to the default conditions. This suggests that while current LMs may possess abstract task-solving skills to an extent, they often also rely on narrow, non-transferable procedures for task-solving. These results motivate a more careful interpretation of language model performance that teases apart these aspects of behavior.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 18 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. DrVD-Bench: Do Vision-Language Models Reason Like Human Doctors in Medical Image Diagnosis?

    cs.CV 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A new five-level medical imaging benchmark, DrVD-Bench, shows that vision-language models lose accuracy sharply as reasoning complexity grows and often diagnose without grounding in lesion evidence.

  2. When Do Neural Networks Learn World Models?

    cs.LG 2025-02 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    With Boolean variables, a low-degree bias, and a task distribution weighted toward simple functions of the latents, multi-task training provably recovers the latent world model up to permutations and negations.

  3. Unveiling Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models: Reality or Mirage?

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    LLMs perform much worse on causal questions built from post-cutoff news articles, suggesting their apparent causal skill is mostly memorization, and a general-knowledge prompt method only partly closes the gap.

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