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What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: Use and Abuse of Astrophysical Models in Gravitational-wave Population Analyses

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arxiv 2307.03129 v2 pith:RGTNFBBY submitted 2023-07-06 astro-ph.HE gr-qc

classification astro-ph.HEgr-qc
keywords channelsanalysesbbhscatalogchanneldetectionsmodelsanalysis
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

One of the goals of gravitational-wave astrophysics is to infer the number and properties of the formation channels of binary black holes (BBHs); to do so, one must be able to connect various models with the data. We explore benefits and potential issues with analyses using models informed by population synthesis. We consider 5 possible formation channels of BBHs, as in Zevin et al. (2021b). First, we confirm with the GWTC-3 catalog what Zevin et al. (2021b) found in the GWTC-2 catalog, i.e. that the data are not consistent with the totality of observed BBHs forming in any single channel. Next, using simulated detections, we show that the uncertainties in the estimation of the branching ratios can shrink by up to a factor of $\sim 1.7$ as the catalog size increases from $50$ to $250$, within the expected number of BBH detections in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's fourth observing run. Finally, we show that this type of analysis is prone to significant biases. By simulating universes where all sources originate from a single channel, we show that the influence of the Bayesian prior can make it challenging to conclude that one channel produces all signals. Furthermore, by simulating universes where all 5 channels contribute but only a subset of channels are used in the analysis, we show that biases in the branching ratios can be as large as $\sim 50\%$ with $250$ detections. This suggests that caution should be used when interpreting the results of analyses based on strongly modeled astrophysical sub-populations.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. A Four-dimensional Model-agnostic Probe into the Astrophysical Origins of Binary Black Hole Subpopulations

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A GPU-accelerated binned Gaussian process yields the first model-agnostic 4D BBH population in (m1, q, χeff, χp), revealing four mass-based subpopulations and new spin-mass-ratio correlations.

  2. When (not) to trust Monte Carlo approximations for hierarchical Bayesian inference

    astro-ph.HE 2025-09 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A unified error statistic E-hat measures information lost to Monte Carlo noise in hierarchical Bayesian inference, with a recommended cutoff of 0.2 bits.

  3. Nowhere left to hide: revealing realistic gravitational-wave populations in high dimensions and high resolution with PixelPop

    astro-ph.HE 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Modeling all significant correlations with the nonparametric model PixelPop recovers the true black-hole merger rate in a simulated 400-event gravitational-wave catalog, while simpler models introduce bias.

  4. The Long Road to Alignment: Measuring Black Hole Spin Orientation with Expanding Gravitational-Wave Datasets

    astro-ph.HE 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Simulated gravitational-wave catalogs show spin-tilt peaks at alignment are hard to confirm even with 1500 events, while integrated tilt fractions are robust.

  5. Binary Black Hole Phase Space Discovers the Signature of Pair Instability Supernovae Mass Gap

    astro-ph.HE 2025-09 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    Applying a phase-space overlap method to GWTC-4, the paper claims first-generation black holes are truncated near 45.5 solar masses, but the cutoff follows from the assumed exponential mass prior rather than from the data.

  6. The first decade of gravitational-wave measurements of black hole spins

    gr-qc 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 1.0 of 10

    A review summarizing formation-channel predictions, waveform effects, and population-level constraints on stellar-mass black hole spins from the first decade of gravitational-wave observations.

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