Closing the feedback-feeding loop of the radio galaxy 3C 84

Raffaella Morganti; Suma Murthy; Tom Oosterloo

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Closing the feedback-feeding loop of the radio galaxy 3C 84

Tom Oosterloo, Raffaella Morganti, Suma Murthy

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 1 Dec 2023

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim These data show, for the first time, in detail how kpc-sized cold gas filaments resulting from jet-induced cooling of cluster gas are flowing towards the galaxy centre and how they feed the circumnuclear accretion disc (100 pc diameter) of the SMBH.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 6,547 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.90 · states limitation 0.07 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.77 · compares with prior results 0.23 · mentions code or data availability 0.03.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Gas accretion by a galaxy's central super massive black hole (SMBH) and the resultant energetic feedback by the accreting active galactic nucleus (AGN) on the gas in and around a galaxy, are two tightly intertwined but competing processes that play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies. Observations of galaxy clusters have shown how the plasma jets emitted by the AGN heat the intra-cluster medium (ICM), preventing cooling of the cluster gas and thereby the infall of this gas onto the central galaxy. On the other hand, outflows of multi-phase gas, driven by the jets, can cool as they rise into the ICM, leading to filaments of colder gas. The fate of this cold gas is unclear, but it has been suggested it plays a role in feeding the central SMBH. We present the results of re-processed CO(2-1) ALMA observations of the cold molecular gas in the central regions of NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the Perseus cluster and hosting the radio-loud AGN 3C 84 (Perseus A). These data show, for the first time, in detail how kpc-sized cold gas filaments resulting from jet-induced cooling of cluster gas are flowing towards the galaxy centre and how they feed the circumnuclear accretion disc (100 pc diameter) of the SMBH. Thus, cooled gas can, in this way, play a role in feeding the AGN. These results complete our view of the feedback loop of how an AGN can impact on its surroundings and how the effects from this impact maintain the AGN activity.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Gas accretion by a galaxy's central super massive black hole (SMBH) and the resultant energetic feedback by the accreting active galactic nucleus (AGN) on the gas in and around a galaxy, are two tightly intertwined but competing processes that play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies.	background 1.00	0.03	0.03	asserted 1.00
s1	Observations of galaxy clusters have shown how the plasma jets emitted by the AGN heat the intra-cluster medium (ICM), preventing cooling of the cluster gas and thereby the infall of this gas onto the central galaxy.	background 1.00	0.07	0.03	asserted 1.00
s2	On the other hand, outflows of multi-phase gas, driven by the jets, can cool as they rise into the ICM, leading to filaments of colder gas.	background 1.00	0.09	0.03	asserted 0.93
s3	The fate of this cold gas is unclear, but it has been suggested it plays a role in feeding the central SMBH.	gap 0.87	0.04	0.06	hedged possibility 0.93
s4	We present the results of re-processed CO(2-1) ALMA observations of the cold molecular gas in the central regions of NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the Perseus cluster and hosting the radio-loud AGN 3C 84 (Perseus A).	contribution 0.74	0.96	0.04	asserted 0.87
s5	These data show, for the first time, in detail how kpc-sized cold gas filaments resulting from jet-induced cooling of cluster gas are flowing towards the galaxy centre and how they feed the circumnuclear accretion disc (100 pc diameter) of the SMBH.	result 1.00	0.96	0.89	asserted 1.00
s6	Thus, cooled gas can, in this way, play a role in feeding the AGN.	interpretation 0.98	0.70	0.36	hedged possibility 0.80
s7	These results complete our view of the feedback loop of how an AGN can impact on its surroundings and how the effects from this impact maintain the AGN activity.	interpretation 0.99	0.60	0.44	asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 0.68.

What was examined, and what was not

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arXiv listing abstract v1

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full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
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Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

Gas accretion by a galaxy's central super massive black hole (SMBH) and the resultant energetic feedback by the accreting active galactic nucleus (AGN) on the gas in and around a galaxy, are two tightly intertwined but competing processes that play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies. Observations of galaxy clusters have shown how the plasma jets emitted by the AGN heat the intra-cluster medium (ICM), preventing cooling of the cluster gas and thereby the infall of this gas onto the central galaxy. On the other hand, outflows of multi-phase gas, driven by the jets, can cool as they rise into the ICM, leading to filaments of colder gas. The fate of this cold gas is unclear, but it has been suggested it plays a role in feeding the central SMBH. We present the results of re-processed CO(2-1) ALMA observations of the cold molecular gas in the central regions of NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the Perseus cluster and hosting the radio-loud AGN 3C 84 (Perseus A). These data show, for the first time, in detail how kpc-sized cold gas filaments resulting from jet-induced cooling of cluster gas are flowing towards the galaxy centre and how they feed the circumnuclear accretion disc (100 pc diameter) of the SMBH. Thus, cooled gas can, in this way, play a role in feeding the AGN. These results complete our view of the feedback loop of how an AGN can impact on its surroundings and how the effects from this impact maintain the AGN activity.

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References

Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

A MAGNHIFFIC cold-gas filament fuelling the nuclear activity of NGC 3100
astro-ph.GA 2026-10 accept novelty 8.0 of 10

A 340-kpc HI filament stripped from a dwarf galaxy replenishes the circum-nuclear cold gas reservoir of NGC 3100, while jets simultaneously stir and heat the inner gas.
Multi-epoch monitoring of the faint northern component in 3C 84 during 2016-2021
astro-ph.HE 2026-11 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

Multi-epoch VLBI monitoring of the 3C 84 northern component N1 reveals no significant proper motion but month-scale flux variability, ruling out several scenarios and favoring jet-cloud interaction or inhomogeneous fr...
mm-jets in the multi-messenger era
astro-ph.HE 2026-10 unverdicted novelty 1.0 of 10

A white paper on the science case for ALMA2040, arguing that its capabilities will make millimeter/sub-millimeter observations a cornerstone of time-domain and multi-messenger jet physics.

How the literature uses it

6 arXiv papers cite this in 27 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 15 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 1 paper

The HCN(3–2) and HCO$^+$(3–2) data cubes were made using exactly the same steps as used for the CO(2–1) data cube as published by [ref] .

Spatially resolved molecular gas conditions in the circumnuclear disc of 3C 84 · ALMA observations and data reduction · 0.96

Uses its data or values 2 papers

The filamentary gas approaching from the west is predominantly redshifted at $v ∼+50$ to $+100$ km s$^-1$ relative to systemic, while the adjacent western side of the disc is blueshifted at $v ∼-100$ to $-150$ km s$^-1$ [ref] , producing a line-of-sight velocity difference of $∼150$–$250$ km s$^-1$ at the interface.

Spatially resolved molecular gas conditions in the circumnuclear disc of 3C 84 · Spatial variations of the $HCO^+/CO$ ratio and possible physical origins · 0.85
The CND in NGC 1275 has a radius of approximately 50 pc and appears to be oriented roughly perpendicular to the radio jets [ref] .

JWST reveals how black holes are fed: kiloparsec-scale multiphase filaments feed sub-kiloparsec circumnuclear disks · Circumnuclear rotating disk · 0.96

Compares with it 2 papers

The velocity varies by roughly 600 km s$^-1$ across the CND in NGC 4696, comparable to what is observed in NGC 1275 [ref] .

JWST reveals how black holes are fed: kiloparsec-scale multiphase filaments feed sub-kiloparsec circumnuclear disks · Circumnuclear rotating disk · 0.85
The improved calibration applied in this work [ref] recovers more extended CO emission but does not alter the central concentration of the dense gas tracers.

Spatially resolved molecular gas conditions in the circumnuclear disc of 3C 84 · Molecular line emission and ratios · 0.80

Cites it as support 1 paper

This sustained dense environment is consistent with the density gradient proposed by [ref] and is consistent with a scenario in which filamentary structures efficiently transport molecular material into the disc, leading to gas accumulation consistent with recent observational results [ref] .

Spatially resolved molecular gas conditions in the circumnuclear disc of 3C 84 · Physical properties of the cloud · 0.96

Cites it as background 2 papers

This study focuses on interpreting the line intensities, and a full kinematic analysis is beyond its scope, especially as the kinematics of the CND have already been studied in detail by [ref] .

Spatially resolved molecular gas conditions in the circumnuclear disc of 3C 84 · Spatial variations of the $HCO^+/CO$ ratio and possible physical origins · 0.94
Multi-wavelength observations show that the intracluster medium (ICM) in some galaxy clusters contains cold filaments with $H_α$ and $CO$ emissions, but how these cold filaments arise in the ICM remains a puzzle ( [ref] ; [ref] ; [ref] ; [ref] ).

Cold Filaments Formed in Hot Wake Flows Uplifted by Active Galactic Nucleus Bubbles in Galaxy Clusters · Introduction · 0.83

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