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Oscillations of Ultralight Dark Photon into Gravitational Waves

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Wei Chao, Jing-jing Feng, Huai-ke Guo, Tong Li

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 7 Dec 2023

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim We also find that the low-frequency GW signal observed by the NANOGrav collaboration and other PTA experiments can be explained by the oscillation of the ULDP in the PDMFs in the early universe.

how it is stated · asserted 0.97 read the record →

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arXiv ID2312.04017 (version 1)
Pith IDQHJDWUYI, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationHuai-Ke Guo, Jing-Jing Feng, Tong Li, Wei Chao. "Oscillations of Ultralight Dark Photon into Gravitational Waves." arXiv:2312.04017 (2023). https://pith.science/paper/QHJDWUYI
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The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 5,727 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.04 · states limitation 0.09 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.08 · compares with prior results 0.28 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

The discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) opens a new window for exploring the physics of the early universe. Identifying the source of GWs and their spectra today turn out to be the important tasks so as to assist the experimental detection of stochastic GWs. In this paper, we investigate the oscillations of the ultralight dark photon (ULDP) into GWs in the dark halo. Assuming dark matter is composed of the ULDP and there are primordial dark magnetic fields (PDMFs) arising from the axion inflation and/or the dark phase transition, then the ULDP can oscillate into the GW when it passes through an environment of PDMFs. We derive the local energy density of GWs in the galaxy cluster induced by the instaneous oscillation of ULDP in the PDMFs. These stochastic local GWs exhibit a pulse-like spectrum, with frequency depending on the mass of the ULDP, and can be detected in Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) or future space-based interferometers. We also find that the low-frequency GW signal observed by the NANOGrav collaboration and other PTA experiments can be explained by the oscillation of the ULDP in the PDMFs in the early universe.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 The discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) opens a new window for exploring the physics of the early universe. background 1.00 0.03 0.02 asserted 1.00
s1 Identifying the source of GWs and their spectra today turn out to be the important tasks so as to assist the experimental detection of stochastic GWs. background 0.93 0.05 0.03 asserted 0.96
s2 In this paper, we investigate the oscillations of the ultralight dark photon (ULDP) into GWs in the dark halo. contribution 1.00 0.86 0.06 asserted 0.87
s3 Assuming dark matter is composed of the ULDP and there are primordial dark magnetic fields (PDMFs) arising from the axion inflation and/or the dark phase transition, then the ULDP can oscillate into the GW when it passes through an environment of PDMFs. method 0.58 0.17 0.14 hedged possibility 0.75
s4 We derive the local energy density of GWs in the galaxy cluster induced by the instaneous oscillation of ULDP in the PDMFs. result 0.47 0.96 0.09 asserted 1.00
s5 These stochastic local GWs exhibit a pulse-like spectrum, with frequency depending on the mass of the ULDP, and can be detected in Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) or future space-based interferometers. result 0.86 0.79 0.37 asserted 0.75
s6 We also find that the low-frequency GW signal observed by the NANOGrav collaboration and other PTA experiments can be explained by the oscillation of the ULDP in the PDMFs in the early universe. result 0.53 0.89 0.48 asserted 0.97

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 1.00.

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Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

The discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) opens a new window for exploring the physics of the early universe. Identifying the source of GWs and their spectra today turn out to be the important tasks so as to assist the experimental detection of stochastic GWs. In this paper, we investigate the oscillations of the ultralight dark photon (ULDP) into GWs in the dark halo. Assuming dark matter is composed of the ULDP and there are primordial dark magnetic fields (PDMFs) arising from the axion inflation and/or the dark phase transition, then the ULDP can oscillate into the GW when it passes through an environment of PDMFs. We derive the local energy density of GWs in the galaxy cluster induced by the instaneous oscillation of ULDP in the PDMFs. These stochastic local GWs exhibit a pulse-like spectrum, with frequency depending on the mass of the ULDP, and can be detected in Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) or future space-based interferometers. We also find that the low-frequency GW signal observed by the NANOGrav collaboration and other PTA experiments can be explained by the oscillation of the ULDP in the PDMFs in the early universe.

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3 arXiv papers cite this in 3 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 1 sentence without a confident label

Cites it as background 2 papers

What it cites · 51 sentences without a confident label

Uses data or values from 2 papers
  • The existence of magnetic fields in the intra-cluster medium has been estimated by many methods, resulting in the typical magnetic field strength of the order $O(B)∼μG$ [ref] .

    Magnetic Field in Clusters of Galaxies · The ULDP oscillations and the local energy density of stochastic GWs · 0.89

  • For simplicity, we may assume that a galaxy cluster is a standard spheroid with radius $R ∼0.63 Mpc$ [ref] and a volume of $V_GC∼1 Mpc^3$.

    Searching for a 0.1-1 keV Cosmic Axion Background · The ULDP oscillations and the local energy density of stochastic GWs · 0.83

Compares with 4 papers
Cites as background 47 papers
  • As mentioned above, PDMF can be produced via the axion inflation, however, there are various production mechanisms for the ULDP, such as the so-called misalignment mechanism [ref] , axion oscillation [ref] , or the cosmic string decay [ref] , etc.

    Dark Photon Dark Matter from a Network of Cosmic Strings · ULDP Oscillations in the early universe · 0.99

  • As mentioned above, PDMF can be produced via the axion inflation, however, there are various production mechanisms for the ULDP, such as the so-called misalignment mechanism [ref] , axion oscillation [ref] , or the cosmic string decay [ref] , etc.

    Dark Light, Dark Matter and the Misalignment Mechanism · ULDP Oscillations in the early universe · 0.99

  • As mentioned above, PDMF can be produced via the axion inflation, however, there are various production mechanisms for the ULDP, such as the so-called misalignment mechanism [ref] , axion oscillation [ref] , or the cosmic string decay [ref] , etc.

    Dark Photon Dark Matter Produced by Axion Oscillations · ULDP Oscillations in the early universe · 0.99

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