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A systematic review of geospatial location embedding approaches in large language models: A path to spatial AI systems

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arxiv 2401.10279 v1 pith:FJHLW4T3 submitted 2024-01-12 cs.IR cs.AIcs.CL

classification cs.IRcs.AIcs.CL
keywords spatialembeddinglocationgeospatialspacelanguagemodelartificial
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Geospatial Location Embedding (GLE) helps a Large Language Model (LLM) assimilate and analyze spatial data. GLE emergence in Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) is precipitated by the need for deeper geospatial awareness in our complex contemporary spaces and the success of LLMs in extracting deep meaning in Generative AI. We searched Google Scholar, Science Direct, and arXiv for papers on geospatial location embedding and LLM and reviewed articles focused on gaining deeper spatial "knowing" through LLMs. We screened 304 titles, 30 abstracts, and 18 full-text papers that reveal four GLE themes - Entity Location Embedding (ELE), Document Location Embedding (DLE), Sequence Location Embedding (SLE), and Token Location Embedding (TLE). Synthesis is tabular and narrative, including a dialogic conversation between "Space" and "LLM." Though GLEs aid spatial understanding by superimposing spatial data, they emphasize the need to advance in the intricacies of spatial modalities and generalized reasoning. GLEs signal the need for a Spatial Foundation/Language Model (SLM) that embeds spatial knowing within the model architecture. The SLM framework advances Spatial Artificial Intelligence Systems (SPAIS), establishing a Spatial Vector Space (SVS) that maps to physical space. The resulting spatially imbued Language Model is unique. It simultaneously represents actual space and an AI-capable space, paving the way for AI native geo storage, analysis, and multi-modality as the basis for Spatial Artificial Intelligence Systems (SPAIS).

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Foundation Models for Geospatial Reasoning: Assessing Capabilities of Large Language Models in Understanding Geometries and Topological Spatial Relations

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Large language models, especially GPT-4 with few-shot prompts, can classify topological spatial relations between WKT-encoded geometries with roughly 0.6 to 0.66 accuracy, though errors cluster near conceptually simil...

  2. Pan-Arctic Permafrost Landform and Human-built Infrastructure Feature Detection with Vision Transformers and Location Embeddings

    cs.CV 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Vision Transformers with SatCLIP location embeddings beat prior CNN baselines on thaw slump and ice-wedge polygon detection test splits, but not on infrastructure detection.

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