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The Fine-Grained Complexity of Gradient Computation for Training Large Language Models

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arxiv 2402.04497 v1 pith:3UC2U7FP submitted 2024-02-07 cs.LG cs.CCcs.CLcs.DS

classification cs.LGcs.CCcs.CLcs.DS
keywords computationforwardgradienttrainingattentionbackwardcomplexitycomputations
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large language models (LLMs) have made fundamental contributions over the last a few years. To train an LLM, one needs to alternatingly run `forward' computations and `backward' computations. The forward computation can be viewed as attention function evaluation, and the backward computation can be viewed as a gradient computation. In previous work by [Alman and Song, NeurIPS 2023], it was proved that the forward step can be performed in almost-linear time in certain parameter regimes, but that there is no truly sub-quadratic time algorithm in the remaining parameter regimes unless the popular hypothesis SETH is false. In this work, we show nearly identical results for the harder-seeming problem of computing the gradient of loss function of one layer attention network, and thus for the entire process of LLM training. This completely characterizes the fine-grained complexity of every step of LLM training.

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Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Subquadratic Algorithms and Hardness for Attention with Any Temperature

    cs.LG 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    For constant head dimension d, approximate attention can be computed in about n^{2-1/d} polylog(B/eps) time, while SETH-based lower bounds push near-quadratic hardness down to very small d.

  2. FZOO: Fast Zeroth-Order Optimizer for Fine-Tuning Large Language Models towards Adam-Scale Speed

    cs.LG 2025-06 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    FZOO claims Adam-like zeroth-order fine-tuning via loss-std normalization and batched forward passes, but the paper's algorithm perturbs activations rather than parameters, breaking the link to its own theory.

  3. Unifying Learning Dynamics and Generalization in Transformers Scaling Law

    cs.LG 2025-12 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    Claims a two-stage transformer scaling law (exponential then C^{-1/6}) with matching bounds, but the lower bounds are missing, the exponent is inconsistent (-1/7 vs -1/6), and the law is an artifact of hand-set M = Θ(...

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