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Tower: An Open Multilingual Large Language Model for Translation-Related Tasks

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arxiv 2402.17733 v1 pith:K2WVAVFY submitted 2024-02-27 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords llmstranslationtasksmodelopencompetitivecreatinggeneral-purpose
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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While general-purpose large language models (LLMs) demonstrate proficiency on multiple tasks within the domain of translation, approaches based on open LLMs are competitive only when specializing on a single task. In this paper, we propose a recipe for tailoring LLMs to multiple tasks present in translation workflows. We perform continued pretraining on a multilingual mixture of monolingual and parallel data, creating TowerBase, followed by finetuning on instructions relevant for translation processes, creating TowerInstruct. Our final model surpasses open alternatives on several tasks relevant to translation workflows and is competitive with general-purpose closed LLMs. To facilitate future research, we release the Tower models, our specialization dataset, an evaluation framework for LLMs focusing on the translation ecosystem, and a collection of model generations, including ours, on our benchmark.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    EsBBQ and CaBBQ are new Spanish and Catalan bias benchmarks for multiple-choice QA, built with survey-validated stereotypes from Spain and evaluated on 17 language models.

  2. In-Place Tokenizer Expansion for Pre-trained LLMs

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Continuing a model's own BPE merges and training only new embedding rows preserves quality while cutting token counts 2.4–4× for previously under-tokenized languages.

  3. Large Language Models for Code Generation from Multilingual Prompts: A Curated Benchmark and a Study on Code Quality

    cs.SE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Prompt language affects LLM code generation, but English is not consistently best: Chinese prompts improve Python correctness on CoderEval, while quality and lexicon effects vary by model and programming language.

  4. Seed LiveInterpret 2.0: End-to-end Simultaneous Speech-to-speech Translation with Your Voice

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An end-to-end simultaneous speech-to-speech translation model with voice cloning, trained with a two-stage reinforcement learning reward scheme, reports high accuracy and low latency on the authors' RealSI benchmark.

  5. Scaling Model and Data for Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2026-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Open 12B multilingual translator MiLMMT-46, trained with up to 3B tokens of parallel data per language plus ~100K curated instruction pairs, matches proprietary systems on FLORES+ and WMT24++.

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    cs.CL 2025-10 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    M2PO combines a QE-plus-alignment reward with a dynamic curriculum and multi-pair DPO loss, and reports WMT21-22 gains for a 7B translation model, but the abstract's WMT23/24 9B parity claims are unsupported.

  7. SOFT: Selective Data Obfuscation for Protecting LLM Fine-tuning against Membership Inference Attacks

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    SOFT paraphrases low-loss fine-tuning samples before training, reducing MIA AUC from about 0.82 to about 0.54 across six datasets at roughly 7% perplexity cost.

  8. RIVAL: Reinforcement Learning with Iterative and Adversarial Optimization for Machine Translation

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    RIVAL iteratively re-trains a reward model adversarially against the current translator and adds a BLEU-predicting head, improving in-domain WMT and subtitle translation over SFT baselines.

  9. Pruning General Large Language Models into Customized Expert Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

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  10. Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    ORPO fine-tuning, which explicitly penalizes disfavored language-mixed responses, nearly eliminates language confusion in Korean-generation LLMs without hurting QA accuracy.

  11. Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model

    cs.CL 2025-05 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A compact 1.5B Arabic-English model beats GPT-4o mini only on the authors' own Tarjama-25 benchmark, while trailing large models on standard WMT24++ and IWSLT2017 tests.

  12. TACTIC: Translation Agents with Cognitive-Theoretic Interactive Collaboration

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    TACTIC, a cognitive-inspired six-agent workflow, improves LLM translation quality over direct prompting on FLORES-200 and WMT24, with the best DeepSeek-V3 setup reaching 96.19 XCOMET on English-to-X.

  13. Beyond the Sentence: A Survey on Context-Aware Machine Translation with Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

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  14. TransBench: Benchmarking Machine Translation for Industrial-Scale Applications

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