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Gravitational Form Factors and Mechanical Properties of Quarks in Protons: A Basis Light-Front Quantization Approach

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arxiv 2403.11702 v1 pith:HZZNS4MU submitted 2024-03-18 hep-ph

Gravitational Form Factors and Mechanical Properties of Quarks in Protons: A Basis Light-Front Quantization Approach

classification hep-ph
keywords light-frontformmechanicalbasisblfqdifferentdistributionsfactors
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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We compute the gravitational form factors (GFFs) and study their applications for the description of the mechanical properties such as the pressure, shear force distributions, and the mechanical radius of the proton from its light-front wave functions (LFWFs) based on basis light-front quantization (BLFQ). The LFWFs of the proton are given by the lowest eigenvector of a light-front effective Hamiltonian that incorporates a three-dimensional confining potential and a one-gluon exchange interaction with fixed coupling between the constituent quarks solved in the valence Fock sector. We find acceptable agreement between our BLFQ computations and the lattice QCD for the GFFs. Our $D$-term form factor also agrees well with the extracted data from the deeply virtual Compton scattering experiments at Jefferson Lab, and the results of different phenomenological models. The distributions of pressures and shear forces are similar to those from different models.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Gravitational transverse momentum distribution of proton

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Analytical expressions for quark gravitational TMDs are derived in the LFQDM, verified against standard TMD relations, and linked to transverse pressure and shear-force distributions.

  2. Exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in photon-proton diffractive scattering: A light-front Hamiltonian approach

    hep-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0

    BLFQ proton and J/ψ light-front wave functions yield a slightly lower exclusive J/ψ photoproduction cross section than prior models, with matching exponential slope B≈3 GeV^{-2}, usable as BK initial conditions.

  3. Mechanical distribution of the pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium on the light-front

    hep-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Light-front quark model calculations with two Gaussian wave functions yield transverse mechanical distributions for pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium, showing a nodal pressure and positive force.

  4. Particle seismology: mechanical and gravitational properties from parton-hadron duality

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 2.0

    A hadronic approach based on dispersion relations and meson dominance achieves a successful description of lattice QCD data for gravitational form factors of pions and nucleons.