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Are nonlocal Lagrangian systems fatally unstable?
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We prove that higher-derivative and genuinely nonlocal Lagrangian systems can be Lyapunov-stable even when their Hamiltonians lack a lower bound. Explicit free and coupled Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillators, together with a genuine nonlocal model, are analysed to identify the precise conditions under which stability holds. These counterexamples point out the logical gap in the "Ostrogradsky instability" claims and provide benchmarks for constructing efficient stable higher-derivative theories.
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Degenerate higher-order Maxwell-Einstein theories
A complete classification of quadratic degenerate Maxwell-Einstein theories is given, including a new theory that generalizes Horndeski's non-minimal coupling to gauge fields.
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