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When LLMs Meet Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Review

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arxiv 2405.03644 v2 pith:KC4AP537 submitted 2024-05-06 cs.CR cs.AI

classification cs.CRcs.AI
keywords llmscybersecurityresearchaddressesapplicationareacomprehensiveliterature
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has opened new avenues across various fields, including cybersecurity, which faces an evolving threat landscape and demand for innovative technologies. Despite initial explorations into the application of LLMs in cybersecurity, there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of this research area. This paper addresses this gap by providing a systematic literature review, covering the analysis of over 300 works, encompassing 25 LLMs and more than 10 downstream scenarios. Our comprehensive overview addresses three key research questions: the construction of cybersecurity-oriented LLMs, the application of LLMs to various cybersecurity tasks, the challenges and further research in this area. This study aims to shed light on the extensive potential of LLMs in enhancing cybersecurity practices and serve as a valuable resource for applying LLMs in this field. We also maintain and regularly update a list of practical guides on LLMs for cybersecurity at https://github.com/tmylla/Awesome-LLM4Cybersecurity.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 11 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Cybersecurity Detection Classification with Reasoning-enabled Language Models

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    CoT-trained triage plus a separate reasoning calibrator reaches 82.6% accuracy and large high-confidence recall gains over direct-label LLM classifiers on real SOC detections.

  2. Circumventing Safety Alignment in Large Language Models Through Embedding Space Toxicity Attenuation

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ETTA bypasses LLM safety refusals by learning a linear toxicity direction in the embedding space and attenuating it in word embeddings at inference time.

  3. Cumplimiento del Reglamento (UE) 2024/1689 en rob\'otica y sistemas aut\'onomos: una revisi\'on sistem\'atica de la literatura

    cs.CY 2025-09 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    A PRISMA review claims robotics research only partially meets EU AI Act requirements, with big gaps in transparency, human oversight, and traceability.

  4. Llama-3.1-FoundationAI-SecurityLLM-8B-Instruct Technical Report

    cs.CR 2025-08 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Foundation-Sec-8B-Instruct, an instruction-tuned 8B cybersecurity LLM, is released and claimed to beat Llama 3.1-8B-Instruct on CTIBench-RCM and CTIBench-MCQA while remaining competitive on general instruction-following.

  5. On the Surprising Efficacy of LLMs for Penetration-Testing

    cs.CR 2025-07 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A critical review arguing that LLMs are surprisingly effective for penetration testing because the task is largely pattern-matching, while noting serious reliability, safety, and cost barriers to autonomous use.

  6. A Survey: Towards Privacy and Security in Mobile Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional

    A survey of privacy and security challenges for mobile large language models, summarizing known attack types and defenses without introducing new results.

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