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Training-Free Activation Sparsity in Large Language Models

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arxiv 2408.14690 v3 pith:L3MH7SJS submitted 2024-08-26 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords sparsityactivationmodelstealexistinglanguagelargemodel-wide
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

Activation sparsity can enable practical inference speedups in large language models (LLMs) by reducing the compute and memory-movement required for matrix multiplications during the forward pass. However, existing methods face limitations that inhibit widespread adoption. Some approaches are tailored towards older models with ReLU-based sparsity, while others require extensive continued pre-training on up to hundreds of billions of tokens. This paper describes TEAL, a simple training-free method that applies magnitude-based activation sparsity to hidden states throughout the entire model. TEAL achieves 40-50% model-wide sparsity with minimal performance degradation across Llama-2, Llama-3, and Mistral families, with sizes varying from 7B to 70B. We improve existing sparse kernels and demonstrate wall-clock decoding speed-ups of up to 1.53$\times$ and 1.8$\times$ at 40% and 50% model-wide sparsity. TEAL is compatible with weight quantization, enabling further efficiency gains.

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Cited by 15 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Bug or Feature$^2$: Weight Drift, Activation Sparsity and Spikes

    cs.LG 2026-05 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    Standard losses induce negative weight drift with positive-biased activations, producing up to 90% sparsity in GPT-nano and an accuracy cliff above ~70% sparsity; clipped ReLU² and GELU² improve the tradeoff.

  2. Bug or Feature$^2$: Weight Drift, Activation Sparsity and Spikes

    cs.LG 2026-05 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    The paper proves negative weight drift at initialization under MSE or cross-entropy with asymmetric activations, links it to up to 90% sparsity in GPT-nano, maps the sparsity-accuracy cliff across 79 configurations, a...

  3. It Takes a MAESTRO To Prune Bad Experts

    cs.CL 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    MAESTRO prunes Mixture-of-Experts models by modeling cross-layer expert routing as an Ergodic Markov chain and removing experts with the lowest stationary visitation probability.

  4. It Takes a MAESTRO To Prune Bad Experts

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pruning MoE LLMs according to the stationary distribution of a Markov chain over (layer, expert) routing transitions retains more task performance than local importance heuristics, with up to ~3.5% relative gains over...

  5. GRINQH: Graded Input-based Quantization Hierarchy for Efficient LLM Generation

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    GRINQH introduces a graded input-based quantization hierarchy that dynamically assigns multi-precision weights using activation magnitudes as importance proxy, unifying quantization with sparsification to improve LLM ...

  6. RT-Lynx: Putting the GEMM Sparsity In a Right Way for Diffusion Models

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    RT-Lynx shifts DiT sparsity from weights to activations, reports up to 1.55x linear-layer speedup while preserving generation quality across multiple diffusion models.

  7. DECO: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts with Dense-Comparable Performance on End-Side Devices

    cs.LG 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    DECO matches dense model performance at 20% expert activation via ReLU-based routing with learnable scaling and the NormSiLU activation, plus a 3x real-hardware speedup.

  8. DECO: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts with Dense-Comparable Performance on End-Side Devices

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    DECO is a sparse MoE architecture with ReLU-based routing, learnable expert scaling, and NormSiLU activation that matches dense Transformer performance at 20% expert activation and delivers 2.93x speedup on Jetson AGX Orin.

  9. DECO: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts with Dense-Comparable Performance on End-Side Devices

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    DECO sparse MoE matches dense Transformer performance at 20% expert activation with a 3x hardware inference speedup.

  10. Compute Where it Counts: Self Optimizing Language Models

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    SOL trains a policy to dynamically control multiple efficiency mechanisms per token via group-relative policy optimization on teacher-forced episodes, yielding better quality at matched average budget than static or r...

  11. Gated Subspace Inference for Transformer Acceleration

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Gated Subspace Inference accelerates transformer linear layers 3-10x via low-rank cached subspace computation and per-token gating to skip residuals while preserving output distribution to high accuracy.

  12. Resting Neurons, Active Insights: Robustifying Activation Sparsity in LLMs via Spontaneity

    cs.LG 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    SPON adds learnable persistent activation anchors trained via distribution matching to restore LLM accuracy under high activation sparsity by preventing representational distribution shifts.

  13. MM-ShiftKV: Decode-Aware Prefill-Stage KV Selection for Multimodal Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2026-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    By sampling variance-inflated query vectors during prefilling, MM-ShiftKV selects prompt KV caches that better match decoding-time attention and outperforms prior prefill-only KV compression on multimodal benchmarks a...

  14. Resting Neurons, Active Insights: Robustifying Activation Sparsity in LLMs via Spontaneity

    cs.LG 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    SPON adds a small set of trainable input-independent activation vectors as representational anchors, trained by distribution matching, to stabilize sparse activation in LLMs and recover performance lost to hidden-stat...

  15. Motivating Next-Gen Accelerators with Flexible (N:M) Activation Sparsity via Benchmarking Lightweight Post-Training Sparsification Approaches

    cs.LG 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Post-training N:M activation pruning preserves generative performance in LLMs better than equivalent weight pruning, with the 8:16 pattern emerging as a practical hardware-friendly choice.

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