Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 44 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2409.15790.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2409.15790 v3

Coverage vector

measured 0 of 0 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 44 of 44 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T00:01:33.874062Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-04T18:40:02.350725Z

Reference resolution

0 of 0 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved0
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

No outbound reference observations are available for this paper version.

Pith citing papers

Observation f48af0ed-c7f3-4af7-ae84-f6e396f7a7eb · inbound

Do Large Language Models Advocate for Inferentialism? cites this paper.

Do Large Language Models Advocate for Inferentialism? Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 2019

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T12:14:34.724721Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3af79c5f-bf01-46df-9239-586d2db8efeb · inbound

AutoDroid-V2: Boosting SLM-based GUI Agents via Code Generation cites this paper.

AutoDroid-V2: Boosting SLM-based GUI Agents via Code Generation Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T05:06:49.308451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e6924393-6383-447f-a56f-4ab80bc97402 · inbound

Xmodel-2 Technical Report cites this paper.

Xmodel-2 Technical Report Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T00:11:19.523776Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 54862d05-d617-4258-b2e3-fcd356f940e6 · inbound

Language and Planning in Robotic Navigation: A Multilingual Evaluation of State-of-the-Art Models cites this paper.

Language and Planning in Robotic Navigation: A Multilingual Evaluation of State-of-the-Art Models Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T21:47:58.983044Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 89572614-f4c1-4db0-86e6-4783b6ba3a7a · inbound

OnionEval: An Unified Evaluation of Fact-conflicting Hallucination for Small-Large Language Models cites this paper.

OnionEval: An Unified Evaluation of Fact-conflicting Hallucination for Small-Large Language Models Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T16:40:09.368585Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dab7fc7a-8f53-4e60-b373-ee6db8ba20ed · inbound

Evaluating Small Language Models for News Summarization: Implications and Factors Influencing Performance cites this paper.

Evaluating Small Language Models for News Summarization: Implications and Factors Influencing Performance Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T18:17:21.102623Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cfcda5f3-4cfd-436c-aebc-ae509d71dbea · inbound

Division-of-Thoughts: Harnessing Hybrid Language Model Synergy for Efficient On-Device Agents cites this paper.

Division-of-Thoughts: Harnessing Hybrid Language Model Synergy for Efficient On-Device Agents Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T01:02:19.341794Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0c30b20a-164c-4071-8b26-38506567e574 · inbound

Every Software as an Agent: Blueprint and Case Study cites this paper.

Every Software as an Agent: Blueprint and Case Study Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-08T21:41:15.792493Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 56aa619b-4f94-4e3d-8582-05cd8a2843bb · inbound

Will LLMs Scaling Hit the Wall? Breaking Barriers via Distributed Resources on Massive Edge Devices cites this paper.

Will LLMs Scaling Hit the Wall? Breaking Barriers via Distributed Resources on Massive Edge Devices Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 57

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-23T01:05:16.508630Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 2662bc64-8916-49f0-b10b-dcf588fa1635 · inbound

RobotxR1: Enabling Embodied Robotic Intelligence on Large Language Models through Closed-Loop Reinforcement Learning cites this paper.

RobotxR1: Enabling Embodied Robotic Intelligence on Large Language Models through Closed-Loop Reinforcement Learning Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T00:01:33.874062Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 13d96d9f-c7d1-4a6e-800b-a7b9cfb40c8c · inbound

Challenging GPU Dominance: When CPUs Outperform for On-Device LLM Inference cites this paper.

Challenging GPU Dominance: When CPUs Outperform for On-Device LLM Inference Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T22:44:35.231552Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dec85007-785b-45b8-804b-2b61ce4ec308 · inbound

Edge-First Language Model Inference: Models, Metrics, and Tradeoffs cites this paper.

Edge-First Language Model Inference: Models, Metrics, and Tradeoffs Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:03:09.638551Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d691ac56-8acc-4827-a1a6-67217070b33e · inbound

Making Sense of the Unsensible: Reflection, Survey, and Challenges for XAI in Large Language Models Toward Human-Centered AI cites this paper.

Making Sense of the Unsensible: Reflection, Survey, and Challenges for XAI in Large Language Models Toward Human-Centered AI Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:36:55.293076Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9f918744-43be-46b6-8204-d77dbadb40bb · inbound

Fast and Cost-effective Speculative Edge-Cloud Decoding with Early Exits cites this paper.

Fast and Cost-effective Speculative Edge-Cloud Decoding with Early Exits Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T13:40:17.090010Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5389fa0a-b610-4eab-9374-a922df382df7 · inbound

Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI cites this paper.

Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 49

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-16T11:55:51.007130Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 705ffb18-8a22-4dbb-ab3e-2d78ff0716c8 · inbound

CRAWLDoc: A Dataset for Robust Ranking of Bibliographic Documents cites this paper.

CRAWLDoc: A Dataset for Robust Ranking of Bibliographic Documents Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T10:57:27.870197Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b66c68af-5e7d-4b6a-b49d-f98e1538b848 · inbound

Towards Efficient Multi-LLM Inference: Characterization and Analysis of LLM Routing and Hierarchical Techniques cites this paper.

Towards Efficient Multi-LLM Inference: Characterization and Analysis of LLM Routing and Hierarchical Techniques Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:56:56.904953Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d3064679-5809-4fd9-82ec-ea219a2655bc · inbound

Plug-in and Fine-tuning: Bridging the Gap between Small Language Models and Large Language Models cites this paper.

Plug-in and Fine-tuning: Bridging the Gap between Small Language Models and Large Language Models Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T05:40:24.461026Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b697e34a-3625-4ea3-8b48-5adb76c24978 · inbound

TensorSLM: Energy-efficient Embedding Compression of Sub-billion Parameter Language Models on Low-end Devices cites this paper.

TensorSLM: Energy-efficient Embedding Compression of Sub-billion Parameter Language Models on Low-end Devices Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T20:05:48.951738Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dc2944b2-4f7c-498c-a016-15eb33dfcb2f · inbound

MobiEdit: Resource-efficient Knowledge Editing for Personalized On-device LLMs cites this paper.

MobiEdit: Resource-efficient Knowledge Editing for Personalized On-device LLMs Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T10:44:03.856408Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 78df61d9-714a-43f4-b9da-f300032c2220 · inbound

S$^2$GPT-PINNs: Sparse and Small models for PDEs cites this paper.

S$^2$GPT-PINNs: Sparse and Small models for PDEs Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:23:51.551308Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3e197c3c-4115-49ba-8867-0bb0abd59eab · inbound

Hallucination Detection with Small Language Models cites this paper.

Hallucination Detection with Small Language Models Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:11:41.309503Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d109e09-81e8-4223-a3f5-998bde44b3e6 · inbound

Investigating the Performance of Small Language Models in Detecting Test Smells in Manual Test Cases cites this paper.

Investigating the Performance of Small Language Models in Detecting Test Smells in Manual Test Cases Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T16:37:41.109375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 73bc4bb5-8dc1-4625-8a96-fa81082683de · inbound

Do small language models generate realistic variable-quality fake news headlines? cites this paper.

Do small language models generate realistic variable-quality fake news headlines? Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T13:24:39.578589Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation acdecbb0-7f67-498e-96ff-6bdf79cb8cb7 · inbound

Advancing SLM Tool-Use Capability using Reinforcement Learning cites this paper.

Advancing SLM Tool-Use Capability using Reinforcement Learning Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:10:01.164458Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 45a70466-d481-4df4-925e-564217aede9c · inbound

Sustainable Code Generation Using Large Language Models: A Systematic Literature Review cites this paper.

Sustainable Code Generation Using Large Language Models: A Systematic Literature Review Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-15T18:50:16.453907Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 87f698f7-a104-409c-adbc-510bd6a299d3 · inbound

EdgeCIM: A Hardware-Software Co-Design for CIM-Based Acceleration of Small Language Models cites this paper.

EdgeCIM: A Hardware-Software Co-Design for CIM-Based Acceleration of Small Language Models Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T15:05:33.071698Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation fda3e460-b468-4d0a-b8f4-abe6a7ab3b69 · inbound

Local-Splitter: A Measurement Study of Seven Tactics for Reducing Cloud LLM Token Usage on Coding-Agent Workloads cites this paper.

Local-Splitter: A Measurement Study of Seven Tactics for Reducing Cloud LLM Token Usage on Coding-Agent Workloads Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 16

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T10:26:01.780655Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 02ef8966-523e-47fb-ba95-ca334820b464 · inbound

Taming Asynchronous CPU-GPU Coupling for Frequency-aware Latency Estimation on Mobile Edge cites this paper.

Taming Asynchronous CPU-GPU Coupling for Frequency-aware Latency Estimation on Mobile Edge Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T09:50:59.002513Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 9b73a2a8-e493-4dd0-bcfa-f5527cedf91c · inbound

Domain-Adapted Small Language Models for Reliable Clinical Triage cites this paper.

Domain-Adapted Small Language Models for Reliable Clinical Triage Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T08:56:26.514931Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 47c7e277-36e0-490f-a4c7-45b153be84b6 · inbound

AgentFloor: How Far Up the tool use Ladder Can Small Open-Weight Models Go? cites this paper.

AgentFloor: How Far Up the tool use Ladder Can Small Open-Weight Models Go? Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 26

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T15:21:10.368431Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 658c89f0-e6a8-409a-99d0-49ae94df182f · inbound

Benchmarking EngGPT2-16B-A3B against Comparable Italian and International Open-source LLMs cites this paper.

Benchmarking EngGPT2-16B-A3B against Comparable Italian and International Open-source LLMs Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T03:40:53.508032Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c54f183d-862a-4f1a-bee3-f02f023c0e3b · inbound

Benchmarking EngGPT2-16B-A3B against Comparable Italian and International Open-source LLMs cites this paper.

Benchmarking EngGPT2-16B-A3B against Comparable Italian and International Open-source LLMs Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-21T08:19:52.872480Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b83862b5-b73f-4d2d-96f6-9d15abc37598 · inbound

Agents Should Replace Narrow Predictive AI as the Orchestrator in 6G AI-RAN cites this paper.

Agents Should Replace Narrow Predictive AI as the Orchestrator in 6G AI-RAN Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T02:17:07.004038Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 83004316-a34f-4694-b109-7ca78d75a894 · inbound

Does Mixture-of-Experts Actually Help Inference on Consumer and Edge Hardware? An Empirical Study cites this paper.

Does Mixture-of-Experts Actually Help Inference on Consumer and Edge Hardware? An Empirical Study Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T07:59:39.591156Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 1da610fc-b1b1-4d2c-b779-ce2f18ee0754 · inbound

Does Mixture-of-Experts Actually Help Inference on Consumer and Edge Hardware? An Empirical Study cites this paper.

Does Mixture-of-Experts Actually Help Inference on Consumer and Edge Hardware? An Empirical Study Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-12T13:05:17.273287Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9e72f6c5-a0f7-418f-850c-ecc54521326a · inbound

To Isolate or to Score? Model-Adaptive Assessment for Cost-Efficient Multi-Agent RAG cites this paper.

To Isolate or to Score? Model-Adaptive Assessment for Cost-Efficient Multi-Agent RAG Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 53

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T18:40:02.352411Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 974da967-5f5a-47eb-81e7-bccb6c88127e · inbound

Punching Above Their Weight: Classification-Head Fine-Tuning of Tiny Language Models (TLMs) for Verifiable Multiple-Choice Tasks cites this paper.

Punching Above Their Weight: Classification-Head Fine-Tuning of Tiny Language Models (TLMs) for Verifiable Multiple-Choice Tasks Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-11T23:52:16.201593Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7bfb93da-6835-4217-a44f-03a30c983111 · inbound

Enhancing Small Language Models Reasoning through Knowledge Graph Grounding cites this paper.

Enhancing Small Language Models Reasoning through Knowledge Graph Grounding Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T06:22:35.840774Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 42f185e0-b07d-4a5f-a85a-8854712ac95b · inbound

In-Context Learning for Wound Classification with Small Multimodal Language Models cites this paper.

In-Context Learning for Wound Classification with Small Multimodal Language Models Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T14:16:00.802642Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9f6a35a9-88ca-4602-bad2-d5b2842dac0b · inbound

Small, Free, and Effective: Orchestrating Open-Weight Small Language Models to Outperform Single LLM for Malware Analysis cites this paper.

Small, Free, and Effective: Orchestrating Open-Weight Small Language Models to Outperform Single LLM for Malware Analysis Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T10:30:43.932970Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b5254233-1282-4341-a464-53765346790c · inbound

Offline Vision-Language Navigation with Geometric Goal Localization for Outdoor Environments cites this paper.

Offline Vision-Language Navigation with Geometric Goal Localization for Outdoor Environments Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T05:28:48.034749Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 84d2868c-3a70-4f1b-84a7-123555dccbe3 · inbound

MIITA: Memory-Induced Inference-Time Adaptation for Continual Learning with Small Language Models cites this paper.

MIITA: Memory-Induced Inference-Time Adaptation for Continual Learning with Small Language Models Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T13:35:45.803513Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c09d827-bf61-4389-8d18-4dd95f5aaee3 · inbound

Energy- and Memory-Efficient PEFT Methods for Personalized On-Device SLMs on Consumer GPUs cites this paper.

Energy- and Memory-Efficient PEFT Methods for Personalized On-Device SLMs on Consumer GPUs Small Language Models: Survey, Measurements, and Insights

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:25:08.951439Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.