Improper flexoelectricity in hexagonal rare-earth ferrites

Flexoelectricity is a universal effect that generates electric polarization due to broken inversion symmetry caused by local strain gradient. The large strain gradient at nanoscale makes flexo-electric effects, especially in nanoscopic ferroelectric materials, promising in sensors, actuator, energy harvesting, and memory applications. In this work, we studied flexoelectricity in hexagonal ferrites h-YbFeO3, an improper ferroelectric expected to have weak piezoelectricity and low sensitivity to depolarization field, which are advantageous for studying flexoelectric effects. We show that in h-YbFeO3 epitaxial thin films, strain gradient on the order of 10^6 m-1 occurs near grain boundaries and edge dislocation, which has a significant impact on the non-polar K3 structural distortion that induces spontaneous polarization. The phenomenological model based on the Landau theory of improper ferroelectricity suggests an indirect flexoelectric effect on the order of 10 nC/m in h-YbFeO3, which is substantially larger than the expectation from Kogan mechanism. These results reveal a novel microscopic mechanism of coupling between strain gradient and polarization mediated by structural distortion, which we call improper flexoelectricity.