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Emergent properties with repeated examples

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arxiv 2410.07041 v1 pith:EPQAWYQH submitted 2024-10-09 cs.LG cs.AI

classification cs.LGcs.AI
keywords examplestrainingrepeateddatasetslearningmodelsnumberperformance
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We study the performance of transformers as a function of the number of repetitions of training examples with algorithmically generated datasets. On three problems of mathematics: the greatest common divisor, modular multiplication, and matrix eigenvalues, we show that for a fixed number of training steps, models trained on smaller sets of repeated examples outperform models trained on larger sets of single-use examples. We also demonstrate that two-set training - repeated use of a small random subset of examples, along normal sampling on the rest of the training set - provides for faster learning and better performance. This highlights that the benefits of repetition can outweigh those of data diversity. These datasets and problems provide a controlled setting to shed light on the still poorly understood interplay between generalization and memorization in deep learning.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Learning Pseudorandom Numbers with Transformers: Permuted Congruential Generators, Curricula, and Interpretability

    cs.LG 2025-10 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Transformers can in-context predict PCG outputs on unseen parameters; required context length scales as sqrt(m), and curriculum training with smaller moduli is necessary for large moduli.

  2. Transformers Pretrained on Procedural Data Contain Modular Structures for Algorithmic Reasoning

    cs.LG 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Different procedural pretraining tasks create complementary, transferable structures in a transformer's attention and MLP weights, and structures from different tasks can be combined into one initialization.

  3. Uncovering a Universal Abstract Algorithm for Modular Addition in Neural Networks

    cs.LG 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Trained MLPs and transformers solving modular addition can be unified under an approximate Chinese Remainder Theorem, and deep or embedding-based networks learn only O(log n) frequency features.

  4. Procedural Pretraining: Warming Up Language Models with Abstract Data

    cs.CL 2026-01 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A short warm-up on procedural data (brackets, sorting, sets) makes language models more accurate and more data-efficient on language, code, and informal math.

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