The Observed Luminosity Correlations of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Applications

Abdusattar Kurban; Chen Deng; Fan Xu; Yong-Feng Huang

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The Observed Luminosity Correlations of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Applications

Chen Deng, Yong-Feng Huang, Fan Xu, Abdusattar Kurban

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Submitted 27 Jan 2025

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The pivotal role of GRB sample quality in advancing cosmological research is underscored.

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arXiv ID2501.16058 (version 1)

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CitationAbdusattar Kurban, Chen Deng, Fan Xu, Yong-Feng Huang. "The Observed Luminosity Correlations of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Applications." arXiv:2501.16058 (2025). https://pith.science/paper/VETL2GVF

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What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.02 · states limitation 0.32 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.11 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.04 · compares with prior results 0.10 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

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Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are among the most luminous electromagnetic transients in the universe, providing unique insights into extreme astrophysical processes and serving as promising probes for cosmology. Unlike Type Ia supernovae, which have a unified explosion mechanism, GRBs cannot directly act as standard candles for tracing cosmic evolution at high redshifts due to significant uncertainties in their underlying physical origins. Empirical correlations derived from statistical analyses involving various GRB parameters provide valuable information regarding their intrinsic properties. In this brief review, we describe various correlations among GRB parameters involving the prompt and afterglow phases, discussing possible theoretical interpretations behind them. The scarcity of low-redshift GRBs poses a major obstacle to the application of GRB empirical correlations in cosmology, referred to as the circularity problem. We present various efforts aiming at calibrating GRBs to address this challenge and leveraging established empirical correlations to constrain cosmological parameters. The pivotal role of GRB sample quality in advancing cosmological research is underscored. Some correlations that could potentially be utilized as redshift indicators are also introduced.

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#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are among the most luminous electromagnetic transients in the universe, providing unique insights into extreme astrophysical processes and serving as promising probes for cosmology.	background 1.00	0.04	0.04	asserted 0.98
s1	Unlike Type Ia supernovae, which have a unified explosion mechanism, GRBs cannot directly act as standard candles for tracing cosmic evolution at high redshifts due to significant uncertainties in their underlying physical origins.	background 0.90	0.05	0.05	asserted 1.00
s2	Empirical correlations derived from statistical analyses involving various GRB parameters provide valuable information regarding their intrinsic properties.	background 1.00	0.08	0.06	asserted 0.97
s3	In this brief review, we describe various correlations among GRB parameters involving the prompt and afterglow phases, discussing possible theoretical interpretations behind them.	contribution 0.98	0.42	0.08	asserted 0.80
s4	The scarcity of low-redshift GRBs poses a major obstacle to the application of GRB empirical correlations in cosmology, referred to as the circularity problem.	background 0.72	0.06	0.07	asserted 1.00
s5	We present various efforts aiming at calibrating GRBs to address this challenge and leveraging established empirical correlations to constrain cosmological parameters.	contribution 0.99	0.31	0.20	asserted 0.95
s6	The pivotal role of GRB sample quality in advancing cosmological research is underscored.	interpretation 0.77	0.11	0.30	asserted 1.00
s7	Some correlations that could potentially be utilized as redshift indicators are also introduced.	contribution 0.97	0.26	0.06	hedged possibility 0.99

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: review 1.00 · evidence from literature 0.99.

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Original abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are among the most luminous electromagnetic transients in the universe, providing unique insights into extreme astrophysical processes and serving as promising probes for cosmology. Unlike Type Ia supernovae, which have a unified explosion mechanism, GRBs cannot directly act as standard candles for tracing cosmic evolution at high redshifts due to significant uncertainties in their underlying physical origins. Empirical correlations derived from statistical analyses involving various GRB parameters provide valuable information regarding their intrinsic properties. In this brief review, we describe various correlations among GRB parameters involving the prompt and afterglow phases, discussing possible theoretical interpretations behind them. The scarcity of low-redshift GRBs poses a major obstacle to the application of GRB empirical correlations in cosmology, referred to as the circularity problem. We present various efforts aiming at calibrating GRBs to address this challenge and leveraging established empirical correlations to constrain cosmological parameters. The pivotal role of GRB sample quality in advancing cosmological research is underscored. Some correlations that could potentially be utilized as redshift indicators are also introduced.

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2 arXiv papers cite this in 2 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 1 sentence without a confident label

Cites it as background 1 paper

There are many additional works analysing this correlation and investigating its physical origin [ref] .

Gamma-Ray Bursts as an Independent High-Redshift Probe of Dark Energy · Introduction · 0.92

What it cites · 281 sentences without a confident label

Uses the method or tool of 6 papers

Dainotti et al. [ref] applied the Efron $&$ Petrosian (EP) method [ref] to correct for the redshift evolution of $L_X$ and $T_a$.

Determination of the intrinsic Luminosity Time Correlation in the X-ray Afterglows of GRBs · The $L_X-T_a$ correlation · 0.93
Xu et al. [ref] used the EP method to mitigate this effect.

X-ray Plateaus in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and Their Application in Cosmology · Cosmology with the $L_X-T_a-E_p$ correlation · 0.92
A phenomenological light curve expression, $L(t) = L_0(1+t/τ)^α_X$ as proposed by Ruffini et al. [ref] , is adopted to fit the X-ray data and further derive the constant $L_0$, which is crucial for determining the Combo relation.

On Binary Driven Hypernovae and their nested late X-ray emission · The Combo relation · 1.00

Uses data or values from 18 papers

Hu et al. [ref] utilized the OHD to alleviate the circularity problem and constrained the cosmology parameters by combining 31 LGRBs from Wang et al. [ref] . 5 additional SGRBs, whose X-ray afterglow is dominated by magnetic dipole radiation, are also included.

A Comprehensive Consistency Check between Synchrotron radiation and the Observed Gamma-ray Burst Spectra · Cosmology with the Dainotti relation · 0.88
Hu et al. [ref] utilized the OHD to alleviate the circularity problem and constrained the cosmology parameters by combining 31 LGRBs from Wang et al. [ref] . 5 additional SGRBs, whose X-ray afterglow is dominated by magnetic dipole radiation, are also included.

Measuring cosmological parameters with a luminosity-time correlation of gamma-ray bursts · Cosmology with the Dainotti relation · 0.88
Cao et al. [ref] utilized three datasets from Wang et al. [ref] and Hu et al. [ref] to apply the 2D Dainotti relation to constrain the six cosmological models.

Standardizing Dainotti-correlated gamma-ray bursts, and using them with standardized Amati-correlated gamma-ray bursts to constrain cosmological model parameters · Cosmology with the Dainotti relation · 0.95

Compares with 2 papers

They found a positive correlation between the peak luminosity ($L_p$) and time variability ($V$), i.e., [equation] This correlation is consistent with the results reported by Fenimore et al. [ref] , though the definition of $V$ varies slightly between the two studies.

Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences · The $L_p-V$ correlation · 0.99
This is consistent with the anti-correlation identified by Dainotti et al. [ref] , i.e., $L_X∝T_a^-1$.

Determination of the intrinsic Luminosity Time Correlation in the X-ray Afterglows of GRBs · The $L_X-T_a$ correlation · 0.87

Cites as support 10 papers

Taking the Amati relation as an example, although there is ongoing debate about the existence of redshift evolution, its impact on the robustness of the Amati relation across different redshifts is trivial [ref] .

Addressing the circularity problem in the $E_\text{p}-E_\text{iso}$ correlation of Gamma-Ray Bursts · Cosmology with the Amati relation · 0.96
Taking the Amati relation as an example, although there is ongoing debate about the existence of redshift evolution, its impact on the robustness of the Amati relation across different redshifts is trivial [ref] .

A complete sample of bright Swift Long Gamma Ray Bursts: testing the spectral-energy correlations · Cosmology with the Amati relation · 0.96
Taking the Amati relation as an example, although there is ongoing debate about the existence of redshift evolution, its impact on the robustness of the Amati relation across different redshifts is trivial [ref] .

Measuring cosmological parameters with Gamma-Ray Bursts · Cosmology with the Amati relation · 0.96

Cites as background 24 papers

It was first introduced by Amati et al. in analyzing 12 BeppoSAX GRBs with known redshifts [ref] , which is expressed as [equation] Here, the peak energy $E_p$ is derived by fitting the time-integrated spectrum using the Band function [ref] , while the isotropic equivalent energy $E_iso$ represents the total energy within the $1-10^4$ keV range.

Intrinsic spectra and energetics of BeppoSAX Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts · The $E_p-E_iso$ correlation · 0.83
The usage of the Dainotti relation as an independent cosmology probe was first proposed by Cardone et al [ref] .

Constraining cosmological parameters by Gamma Ray Burst X - ray afterglow lightcurves · Cosmology with the Dainotti relation · 0.98
The prompt emission spectrum of GRBs can be phenomenologically characterized by the so-called Band function [ref] , with typical photon spectral indices of $-1$ and $-2$ for the low-energy and high-energy segments [ref] , respectively.

The BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Catalog. I. High Time Resolution Spectroscopy of Bright Bursts using High Energy Resolution Data · Introduction · 0.86

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