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OT-Transformer: A Continuous-time Transformer Architecture with Optimal Transport Regularization

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arxiv 2501.18793 v1 pith:Z5FBGEEN submitted 2025-01-30 cs.LG cs.AI

classification cs.LGcs.AI
keywords transformerclassificationcontinuous-timedynamicalexistingimprovesmodeloptimal
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Transformers have achieved state-of-the-art performance in numerous tasks. In this paper, we propose a continuous-time formulation of transformers. Specifically, we consider a dynamical system whose governing equation is parametrized by transformer blocks. We leverage optimal transport theory to regularize the training problem, which enhances stability in training and improves generalization of the resulting model. Moreover, we demonstrate in theory that this regularization is necessary as it promotes uniqueness and regularity of solutions. Our model is flexible in that almost any existing transformer architectures can be adopted to construct the dynamical system with only slight modifications to the existing code. We perform extensive numerical experiments on tasks motivated by natural language processing, image classification, and point cloud classification. Our experimental results show that the proposed method improves the performance of its discrete counterpart and outperforms relevant comparing models.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Deep Delta Learning

    cs.LG 2026-01 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    Replacing additive residual connections with a gated rank-1 delta update that interpolates identity, projection, and reflection slightly improves language modeling and downstream averages in reported 124M/353M runs.

  2. From Self-Attention to Connection Laplacian: A Unified Operator View of Transformers

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Multi-head attention is exactly a scaled edge-dependent connection walk, and trained Transformers empirically develop stable walks and approximate scaled-isometric transports that strengthen with scale.

  3. Attention's forward pass and Frank-Wolfe

    math.OC 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Hardmax self-attention is shown to be a Frank-Wolfe iteration; with positive-definite key-query it converges to Voronoi-cell vertices, and a Markov-chain version of soft attention is metastable there for exponential-i...

  4. Physics- and geometry-aware spatio-spectral graph neural operator for time-independent and time-dependent PDEs

    cs.LG 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    A submission whose abstract describes a new graph neural operator for PDEs but whose full text is a different paper, leaving the claimed method and results unverifiable.

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