pith. sign in

arxiv: 2502.02333 · v1 · submitted 2025-02-04 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci · physics.comp-ph

Composition Effects on Ni/Al Reactive Multilayers: A Comprehensive Study of Mechanical Properties, Reaction Dynamics and Phase Evolution

Nensi Toncich , Fabian Schwarz , Rebecca A. Gallivan , Jemma Gillon , Ralph Spolenak This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 04:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.comp-ph
keywords Ni/Al multilayersreactive multilayersmechanical propertiesreaction dynamicsphase evolutioncomposition effectsnanoindentationcombustion
0
0 comments X

The pith

Ni/Al reactive multilayer composition can be varied to adjust reaction speed and temperature while mechanical properties remain largely stable.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper examines how the nickel content in Ni/Al reactive multilayers, from 30 to 70 atomic percent, influences both their mechanical strength and their reaction behavior when ignited. The work shows that within this range, changes in composition allow control over how quickly the reaction front moves and its peak temperature, all while hardness and elastic modulus stay mostly the same. This matters for applications that need localized heat release, such as in microscale joining or energetic materials, because it suggests designers can optimize the energy output without sacrificing the material's ability to hold together under load. The study also finds that aluminum-rich compositions produce unexpected phases after reaction, pointing to the importance of rapid diffusion and cooling in determining the final structure rather than just equilibrium thermodynamics.

Core claim

Composition variations within 30 to 70 at.% Ni enable precise tuning of reaction speed and temperature without significant changes in mechanical properties, while deviations in modulus and hardness at higher nickel concentrations suggest microstructural influences. Phase formation in Al-rich samples deviated from equilibrium predictions, highlighting the role of kinetic factors such as diffusion and rapid quenching in driving non-adiabatic processes during phase evolution. Molecular dynamics simulations provided complementary atomistic insights into mechanical responses and reaction kinetics.

What carries the argument

Variation of Ni-to-Al atomic ratio and bilayer thickness (30 nm and 50 nm), measured via instrumented nanoindentation for hardness and modulus plus combustion front speed and temperature on dogbone samples.

If this is right

  • Reaction speed and temperature can be tuned by nickel-aluminum ratio without major impacts on hardness or elastic modulus.
  • At higher nickel concentrations, modulus and hardness deviate due to microstructural influences.
  • Phase formation in aluminum-rich samples follows non-equilibrium paths driven by kinetics rather than equilibrium thermodynamics.
  • Bilayer thickness and composition together provide a design handle for tailoring performance in energetic applications.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The observed separation of reaction tuning from mechanical stability could support use in load-bearing structures that also require localized ignition.
  • Kinetic phase deviations imply that controlling cooling rate during deposition might allow further customization of final microstructure beyond composition alone.
  • The same composition-tuning approach may transfer to other reactive bimetallic systems, though the specific non-equilibrium phases would depend on each pair's diffusion characteristics.

Load-bearing premise

The fabricated multilayers achieve the nominal composition and bilayer thickness with negligible unintended intermixing or defects, and the nanoindentation and combustion measurements accurately capture intrinsic material response without substrate or geometry artifacts.

What would settle it

If actual compositions measured by spectroscopy deviate from the nominal 30-70 at.% Ni range or if reaction tests on free-standing films or alternate substrates produce different speed-temperature relations while mechanics stay unchanged, the tuning claim would not hold.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2502.02333 by Fabian Schwarz, Jemma Gillon, Nensi Toncich, Ralph Spolenak, Rebecca A. Gallivan.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the experimental setup. (a) Ni/Al multilayers were deposited by magnetron sputtering onto a Si wafer [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. XRD spectra of the as-deposited Ni/Al RM with varying [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. BF-STEM and TEM images of selected as-deposited Ni/Al RM where the bright layers correspond to Al and the dark to Ni. (a) Low [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Experimental and MD simulation results for the mechanical properties of as-deposited 30 and 50 nm-B systems. (a) Elastic modulus as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Reaction front analysis. (a-top) Frames depicting the self [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. XRD spectra of the ignited Ni/Al RM with varying bilayer thicknesses and compositions. The triangle, square and circle shape label [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Simulated and experimental microstructures of ignited Ni/Al systems. (a) Simulated microstructures of ignited 40Ni60Al (left), [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Ni/Al reactive multilayers are promising materials for applications requiring controlled local energy release and superior mechanical performance. This study systematically investigates the impact of compositional variations, ranging from 30 to 70 at.% Ni, and bilayer thicknesses (30 nm and 50 nm) on the mechanical properties and reaction dynamics of Ni/Al multilayers. Multilayers with varying Ni-to-Al ratios were fabricated and subjected to instrumented nanoindentation testing to evaluate hardness and elastic modulus. Combustion experiments, conducted on dogbone-shaped multilayers deposited onto silicon wafers with thermal barrier coatings, characterized the reaction front's speed, temperature, and the resulting phases. The findings revealed that composition variations within this range enable precise tuning of reaction speed and temperature without significant changes in mechanical properties, while deviations in modulus and hardness at higher nickel concentrations suggest microstructural influences. Notably, phase formation in Al-rich samples deviated from equilibrium predictions, highlighting the role of kinetic factors, such as diffusion and rapid quenching, in driving non-adiabatic processes during phase evolution. Molecular dynamics simulations provided complementary atomistic insights into mechanical responses and reaction kinetics, bridging experimental observations with theoretical predictions. This integrated approach advances the understanding of Ni/Al multilayers, offering a framework for optimizing their composition and structural design to achieve tailored performance for application-specific requirements.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript examines Ni/Al reactive multilayers with Ni contents from 30–70 at.% and bilayer thicknesses of 30 nm or 50 nm. Using nanoindentation, dogbone combustion tests on Si/TBC substrates, and MD simulations, it claims that composition variations permit tuning of reaction front speed and temperature while hardness and modulus remain largely unchanged (with deviations only at high Ni), that Al-rich samples form non-equilibrium phases due to kinetic factors, and that the combined experimental–simulation approach enables optimized design for tailored performance.

Significance. If the central experimental claims hold after verification, the work would supply a practical composition map for controlling energy-release characteristics in Ni/Al multilayers without sacrificing mechanical integrity, together with atomistic insight into the observed non-equilibrium phases; such a map would be directly useful for micro-joining and energetic-material applications.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract and §3] Abstract and §3 (Results): the assertion that mechanical properties 'remain largely unchanged' across the 30–70 at.% Ni range is presented without tabulated hardness/modulus values, standard deviations, sample counts, or statistical tests, so the magnitude of any 'deviations at higher nickel concentrations' cannot be evaluated against the central tuning claim.
  2. [§2 and §4] §2 (Fabrication) and §4 (Combustion): no post-deposition EDS, RBS, or TEM data are reported to confirm that actual Ni/Al ratios and bilayer periods match the nominal targets with negligible intermixing; without this anchor the attribution of reaction-speed and phase deviations to composition alone is not secured.
  3. [§4] §4 (Combustion experiments): heat-sinking into the Si/TBC substrate is not quantified (e.g., via finite-element modeling or control experiments on suspended films), so the reported front temperatures and velocities may be depressed by an unknown amount; this directly affects the claimed composition dependence of reaction dynamics.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figures] Figure captions and axis labels should explicitly state the number of independent samples or measurements underlying each data point.
  2. [MD Methods] The MD section would benefit from a brief statement of the interatomic potential used and its validation against experimental lattice parameters or melting points of NiAl.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments. We address each major point below and indicate planned revisions to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and §3] Abstract and §3 (Results): the assertion that mechanical properties 'remain largely unchanged' across the 30–70 at.% Ni range is presented without tabulated hardness/modulus values, standard deviations, sample counts, or statistical tests, so the magnitude of any 'deviations at higher nickel concentrations' cannot be evaluated against the central tuning claim.

    Authors: We agree that tabulated data would improve clarity and allow quantitative evaluation of the claim. In the revised manuscript we will add a table reporting mean hardness and modulus for each composition (30–70 at.% Ni), together with standard deviations, number of indents per sample, and results of statistical tests (e.g., ANOVA) to assess the significance of deviations at higher Ni contents. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§2 and §4] §2 (Fabrication) and §4 (Combustion): no post-deposition EDS, RBS, or TEM data are reported to confirm that actual Ni/Al ratios and bilayer periods match the nominal targets with negligible intermixing; without this anchor the attribution of reaction-speed and phase deviations to composition alone is not secured.

    Authors: We relied on calibrated deposition rates (quartz-crystal microbalance) to achieve the nominal compositions and periods. To address the concern directly, the revised manuscript will include post-deposition EDS spectra confirming actual Ni/Al ratios across the sample set and, where available, cross-sectional TEM or XRD data verifying bilayer periods and assessing intermixing. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [§4] §4 (Combustion experiments): heat-sinking into the Si/TBC substrate is not quantified (e.g., via finite-element modeling or control experiments on suspended films), so the reported front temperatures and velocities may be depressed by an unknown amount; this directly affects the claimed composition dependence of reaction dynamics.

    Authors: All samples were tested under identical substrate conditions, so relative trends in front speed and temperature with composition remain robust and are corroborated by the MD simulations. We will add a dedicated paragraph discussing possible heat-sinking effects and include preliminary finite-element estimates of heat loss in the revision; absolute values may indeed be affected, but the composition dependence central to the study is preserved. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No derivations or fitted predictions; purely experimental and simulation-based observations

full rationale

The manuscript reports fabrication of Ni/Al multilayers, nanoindentation for hardness/modulus, combustion front measurements on dogbone samples, phase analysis, and complementary MD simulations. No equations, parameter fits, or claimed derivations appear in the provided abstract or summary. Central claims rest on direct experimental data and atomistic modeling without any reduction of a 'prediction' to a fitted input or self-citation chain. The work is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks, with no load-bearing steps that collapse by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard experimental assumptions about sample uniformity and measurement fidelity plus the domain assumption that observed phase deviations arise from kinetics rather than experimental artifacts.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Nanoindentation and combustion measurements on dogbone samples accurately reflect intrinsic multilayer properties without dominant substrate or geometry effects
    Invoked when interpreting hardness, modulus, reaction speed and temperature data as composition-dependent material responses.
  • domain assumption Phase identification correctly distinguishes equilibrium from non-equilibrium products
    Required for the claim that Al-rich samples deviate from equilibrium predictions due to kinetic factors.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5785 in / 1442 out tokens · 40729 ms · 2026-05-23T04:22:06.731871+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Ru Alloying in Ni/Al Reactive Multilayers: Experimental Observations and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

    cond-mat.mtrl-sci 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Ru co-alloying in Ni/Al multilayers increases reaction velocity but induces a composition-dependent fcc-to-hcp phase transition in the as-deposited state, confirmed by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

64 extracted references · 64 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper

  1. [1]

    author author D. Adams ,\ title title Reactive multilayers fabricated by vapor deposition: A critical review , \ @noop journal journal Thin Solid Films \ volume 576 ,\ pages 98--128 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

    work page 2015

  2. [2]

    author author G. M. \ Fritz , author S. J. \ Spey , author M. D. \ Grapes , \ and\ author T. P. \ Weihs ,\ title title Thresholds for igniting exothermic reactions in al/ni multilayers using pulses of electrical, mechanical, and thermal energy , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 113 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

    work page 2013

  3. [3]

    author author Y. N. \ Picard , author J. P. \ McDonald , author T. A. \ Friedmann , author S. M. \ Yalisove , \ and\ author D. P. \ Adams ,\ title title Nanosecond laser induced ignition thresholds and reaction velocities of energetic bimetallic nanolaminates , \ @noop journal journal Applied Physics Letters \ volume 93 ( year 2008 ) NoStop

    work page 2008

  4. [4]

    author author T. Weihs ,\ title title Fabrication and characterization of reactive multilayer films and foils , \ in\ @noop booktitle Metallic films for electronic, optical and magnetic applications \ ( publisher Elsevier ,\ year 2014 )\ pp.\ pages 160--243 NoStop

    work page 2014

  5. [5]

    Knepper , author M

    author author R. Knepper , author M. R. \ Snyder , author G. Fritz , author K. Fisher , author O. M. \ Knio , \ and\ author T. P. \ Weihs ,\ title title Effect of varying bilayer spacing distribution on reaction heat and velocity in reactive al/ni multilayers , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 105 ( year 2009 ) NoStop

    work page 2009

  6. [6]

    Danzi , author V

    author author S. Danzi , author V. Schnabel , author X. Zhao , author J. K \"a ch , \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Architecture-independent reactivity tuning of ni/al multilayers by solid solution alloying , \ @noop journal journal Applied Physics Letters \ volume 114 ( year 2019 a ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  7. [7]

    Schwarz \ and\ author R

    author author F. Schwarz \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title The influence of premixed interlayers on the reaction propagation in al--ni multilayers—an md approach , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 131 ( year 2022 a ) NoStop

    work page 2022

  8. [8]

    Wang , author E

    author author J. Wang , author E. Besnoin , author O. Knio , \ and\ author T. Weihs ,\ title title Effects of physical properties of components on reactive nanolayer joining , \ @noop journal journal Journal of applied physics \ volume 97 ( year 2005 ) NoStop

    work page 2005

  9. [9]

    \ Bourim , author I.-S

    author author E.-M. \ Bourim , author I.-S. \ Kang , \ and\ author H. Y. \ Kim ,\ title title Investigation of integrated reactive multilayer systems for bonding in microsystem technology , \ @noop journal journal Micromachines \ volume 12 ,\ pages 1272 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

    work page 2021

  10. [10]

    Lee , author G.-D

    author author D. Lee , author G.-D. \ Sim , author K. Xiao , \ and\ author J. J. \ Vlassak ,\ title title Low-temperature synthesis of ultra-high-temperature coatings of zrb2 using reactive multilayers , \ @noop journal journal The Journal of Physical Chemistry C \ volume 118 ,\ pages 21192--21198 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    work page 2014

  11. [11]

    Zeng , author T

    author author Q. Zeng , author T. Wang , author M. Li , \ and\ author Y. Ren ,\ title title Mechanism and characteristics on the electric explosion of al/ni reactive multilayer foils , \ @noop journal journal Applied Physics Letters \ volume 115 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  12. [12]

    author author R. A. \ Guidotti \ and\ author P. Masset ,\ title title Thermally activated (“thermal”) battery technology: Part i: An overview , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Power Sources \ volume 161 ,\ pages 1443--1449 ( year 2006 ) NoStop

    work page 2006

  13. [13]

    Danzi , author V

    author author S. Danzi , author V. Schnabel , author J. Gabl , author A. Sologubenko , author H. Galinski , \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Rapid on-chip healing of metal thin films , \ @noop journal journal Advanced Materials Technologies \ volume 4 ,\ pages 1800468 ( year 2019 b ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  14. [14]

    Schwarz \ and\ author R

    author author F. Schwarz \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Qualitatively and quantitatively predicting the front velocity in binary reactive systems , \ @noop journal journal Applied Physics Letters \ volume 124 ( year 2024 a ) NoStop

    work page 2024

  15. [15]

    author author G. M. \ Fritz , author H. Joress , \ and\ author T. P. \ Weihs ,\ title title Enabling and controlling slow reaction velocities in low-density compacts of multilayer reactive particles , \ @noop journal journal Combustion and Flame \ volume 158 ,\ pages 1084--1088 ( year 2011 ) NoStop

    work page 2011

  16. [16]

    author author Y. H. \ Sauni Camposano , author K. Jaekel , author S. S. \ Riegler , author S. Matthes , author M. Glaser , author N. J. \ Peter , author E. Vardo , author H. Bartsch , author R. Schwaiger , author J. P. \ Bergmann , et al. ,\ title title Controlling propagation velocity in al/ni reactive multilayer systems by periodic 2d surface structurin...

    work page 2024

  17. [17]

    Dyer \ and\ author Z

    author author T. Dyer \ and\ author Z. Munir ,\ title title The synthesis of nickel aluminides by multilayer self-propagating combustion , \ @noop journal journal Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B \ volume 26 ,\ pages 603--610 ( year 1995 ) NoStop

    work page 1995

  18. [18]

    Schwarz \ and\ author R

    author author F. Schwarz \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title An md-study on changing the elemental distribution and composition by alloying to control front propagation in al--ni multilayers , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 132 ( year 2022 b ) NoStop

    work page 2022

  19. [19]

    Gavens , author D

    author author A. Gavens , author D. Van Heerden , author A. Mann , author M. Reiss , \ and\ author T. Weihs ,\ title title Effect of intermixing on self-propagating exothermic reactions in al/ni nanolaminate foils , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 87 ,\ pages 1255--1263 ( year 2000 ) NoStop

    work page 2000

  20. [20]

    Sen , author M

    author author S. Sen , author M. Lake , author J. Wilden , \ and\ author P. Schaaf ,\ title title Synthesis and characterization of ti/al reactive multilayer films with various molar ratios , \ @noop journal journal Thin Solid Films \ volume 631 ,\ pages 99--105 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

    work page 2017

  21. [21]

    Schwarz \ and\ author R

    author author F. Schwarz \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Investigating strengthening and softening mechanisms in al/ni multilayers via molecular dynamics simulations of uniaxial compression , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 135 ( year 2024 b ) NoStop

    work page 2024

  22. [22]

    Ma , author C

    author author E. Ma , author C. Thompson , author L. Clevenger , \ and\ author K.-N. \ Tu ,\ title title Self-propagating explosive reactions in al/ni multilayer thin films , \ @noop journal journal Applied physics letters \ volume 57 ,\ pages 1262--1264 ( year 1990 ) NoStop

    work page 1990

  23. [23]

    Rogachev , author S

    author author A. Rogachev , author S. Vadchenko , \ and\ author A. Mukasyan ,\ title title Self-sustained waves of exothermic dissolution in reactive multilayer nano-foils , \ @noop journal journal Applied physics letters \ volume 101 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    work page 2012

  24. [24]

    Ma , author H

    author author Y. Ma , author H. Li , author L. P. \ Yang , \ and\ author A. M. \ Hu ,\ title title Microstructures and reaction properties of ti/ni, ti/al and ni/al multilayer films , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Nano Research \ volume 54 ,\ pages 22--34 ( year 2018 ) NoStop

    work page 2018

  25. [25]

    author author Y. H. \ Sauni Camposano , author H. Bartsch , author S. Matthes , author M. Oliva-Ramirez , author K. Jaekel , \ and\ author P. Schaaf ,\ title title Microstructural characterization and self-propagation properties of reactive al/ni multilayers deposited onto wavelike surface morphologies: Influence on the propagation front velocity , \ @noo...

    work page 2023

  26. [26]

    Neuhauser ,\ title The effect of the heating rate on the phase selection in Al/Ni multilayers ,\ @noop Ph.D

    author author T. Neuhauser ,\ title The effect of the heating rate on the phase selection in Al/Ni multilayers ,\ @noop Ph.D. thesis ,\ school Dissertation, Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Institut f \"u r Technologie (KIT), 2021 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    work page 2021

  27. [27]

    Blobaum , author D

    author author K. Blobaum , author D. Van Heerden , author A. Gavens , \ and\ author T. Weihs ,\ title title Al/ni formation reactions: characterization of the metastable al9ni2 phase and analysis of its formation , \ @noop journal journal Acta Materialia \ volume 51 ,\ pages 3871--3884 ( year 2003 ) NoStop

    work page 2003

  28. [28]

    Van Heerden , author A

    author author D. Van Heerden , author A. Gavens , author S. Jayaraman , \ and\ author T. Weihs ,\ title title Metastable phase formation and microstructural evolution during self-propagating reactions in ai/ni and ai/monel multilayers , \ @noop journal journal MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) \ volume 481 ,\ pages 533 ( year 1997 ) NoStop

    work page 1997

  29. [29]

    Rogachev , author S

    author author A. Rogachev , author S. Vadchenko , author F. Baras , author O. Politano , author S. Rouvimov , author N. Sachkova , \ and\ author A. Mukasyan ,\ title title Structure evolution and reaction mechanism in the ni/al reactive multilayer nanofoils , \ @noop journal journal Acta Materialia \ volume 66 ,\ pages 86--96 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    work page 2014

  30. [30]

    Danzi , author M

    author author S. Danzi , author M. Menetrey , author J. Wohlwend , \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Thermal management in ni/al reactive multilayers: Understanding and preventing reaction quenching on thin film heat sinks , \ @noop journal journal ACS applied materials & interfaces \ volume 11 ,\ pages 42479--42485 ( year 2019 c ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  31. [31]

    Ebrahimi , author B

    author author M. Ebrahimi , author B. Luo , author Q. Wang , \ and\ author S. Attarilar ,\ title title High-performance nanoscale metallic multilayer composites: Techniques, mechanical properties and applications , \ @noop journal journal Materials \ volume 17 ,\ pages 2124 ( year 2024 ) NoStop

    work page 2024

  32. [32]

    Hall ,\ title title The deformation and ageing of mild steel: Iii discussion of results , \ @noop journal journal Proceedings of the Physical Society

    author author E. Hall ,\ title title The deformation and ageing of mild steel: Iii discussion of results , \ @noop journal journal Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B \ volume 64 ,\ pages 747 ( year 1951 ) NoStop

    work page 1951

  33. [33]

    author author N. J. \ Petch ,\ title title The cleavage strength of polycrystals , \ @noop journal journal J. Iron Steel Inst. \ volume 174 ,\ pages 25--28 ( year 1953 ) NoStop

    work page 1953

  34. [34]

    Misra \ and\ author H

    author author A. Misra \ and\ author H. Krug ,\ title title Deformation behavior of nanostructured metallic multilayers , \ @noop journal journal Advanced Engineering Materials \ volume 3 ,\ pages 217--222 ( year 2001 ) NoStop

    work page 2001

  35. [35]

    Misra , author J

    author author A. Misra , author J. Hirth , \ and\ author R. Hoagland ,\ title title Length-scale-dependent deformation mechanisms in incoherent metallic multilayered composites , \ @noop journal journal Acta materialia \ volume 53 ,\ pages 4817--4824 ( year 2005 ) NoStop

    work page 2005

  36. [36]

    \ Jian , author S

    author author W.-R. \ Jian , author S. Xu , author Y. Su , \ and\ author I. J. \ Beyerlein ,\ title title Role of layer thickness and dislocation distribution in confined layer slip in nanolaminated nb , \ @noop journal journal International Journal of Plasticity \ volume 152 ,\ pages 103239 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    work page 2022

  37. [37]

    Ren , author S

    author author F. Ren , author S. Zhao , author W. Li , author B. Tian , author L. Yin , \ and\ author A. A. \ Volinsky ,\ title title Theoretical explanation of ag/cu and cu/ni nanoscale multilayers softening , \ @noop journal journal Materials letters \ volume 65 ,\ pages 119--121 ( year 2011 ) NoStop

    work page 2011

  38. [38]

    Matthews , author S

    author author J. Matthews , author S. Mader , \ and\ author T. Light ,\ title title Accommodation of misfit across the interface between crystals of semiconducting elements or compounds , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 41 ,\ pages 3800--3804 ( year 1970 ) NoStop

    work page 1970

  39. [39]

    Li , author A

    author author Y. Li , author A. J. \ Bushby , \ and\ author D. J. \ Dunstan ,\ title title The hall--petch effect as a manifestation of the general size effect , \ @noop journal journal Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences \ volume 472 ,\ pages 20150890 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    work page 2016

  40. [40]

    Nasim , author Y

    author author M. Nasim , author Y. Li , \ and\ author C. Wen ,\ title title Length-scale dependent deformation, strengthening, and ductility of fcc/fcc ni/al nanolaminates using micropillar compression testing , \ @noop journal journal Acta Materialia \ volume 193 ,\ pages 318--328 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  41. [41]

    Nasim , author Y

    author author M. Nasim , author Y. Li , \ and\ author C. Wen ,\ title title Individual layer thickness-dependent microstructures and mechanical properties of fcc/fcc ni/al nanolaminates and their strengthening mechanisms , \ @noop journal journal Materialia \ volume 6 ,\ pages 100347 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  42. [42]

    Shen , author H

    author author S. Shen , author H. Li , author C. Wang , author Y. Liang , author N. Feng , author N. Zhang , \ and\ author L. Yang ,\ title title Mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of ni/al nanolaminates: Role of dislocation strengthening and constraint in soft layers , \ @noop journal journal Materials & Design \ volume 226 ,\ pages 111632...

    work page 2023

  43. [43]

    Mozaffari , author H

    author author A. Mozaffari , author H. D. \ Manesh , \ and\ author K. Janghorban ,\ title title Evaluation of mechanical properties and structure of multilayered al/ni composites produced by accumulative roll bonding (arb) process , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Alloys and Compounds \ volume 489 ,\ pages 103--109 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

    work page 2010

  44. [44]

    Nasim , author Y

    author author M. Nasim , author Y. Li , author M. Wen , \ and\ author C. Wen ,\ title title High-strength ni/al nanolaminates fabricated by magnetron sputtering and their nanoindentation and nanowear behaviors , \ @noop journal journal Materialia \ volume 6 ,\ pages 100263 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  45. [45]

    Schwarz \ and\ author R

    author author F. Schwarz \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Investigating strengthening and softening mechanisms in al/ni multilayers via molecular dynamics simulations of uniaxial compression , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 135 ( year 2024 c ) NoStop

    work page 2024

  46. [46]

    Schwarz \ and\ author R

    author author F. Schwarz \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Mechanical behavior of reactive al/ni multilayers by molecular dynamics simulations , \ @noop journal journal Physical Review Materials \ volume 7 ,\ pages 083603 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  47. [47]

    author author S. Plimpton ,\ title title Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics , \ @noop journal journal Journal of computational physics \ volume 117 ,\ pages 1--19 ( year 1995 ) NoStop

    work page 1995

  48. [48]

    Purja Pun \ and\ author Y

    author author G. Purja Pun \ and\ author Y. Mishin ,\ title title Development of an interatomic potential for the ni-al system , \ @noop journal journal Philosophical Magazine \ volume 89 ,\ pages 3245--3267 ( year 2009 ) NoStop

    work page 2009

  49. [49]

    Schwarz \ and\ author R

    author author F. Schwarz \ and\ author R. Spolenak ,\ title title Molecular dynamics study of the influence of microstructure on reaction front propagation in al--ni multilayers , \ @noop journal journal Applied Physics Letters \ volume 119 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

    work page 2021

  50. [50]

    Schwarz ,\ title Using molecular dynamics simulations to better understand and predict the behavior of reactive multilayers ,\ @noop Ph.D

    author author F. Schwarz ,\ title Using molecular dynamics simulations to better understand and predict the behavior of reactive multilayers ,\ @noop Ph.D. thesis ,\ school ETH Zurich ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  51. [51]

    author author A. S. \ Ramos , author S. Sim \ o es , author L. Maj , author J. Morgiel , \ and\ author M. T. \ Vieira ,\ title title Effect of deposition parameters on the reactivity of al/ni multilayer thin films , \ @noop journal journal Coatings \ volume 10 ,\ pages 721 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  52. [52]

    Lorenzin , author M

    author author G. Lorenzin , author M. S. B. \ Hoque , author D. Ariosa , author L. P. \ Jeurgens , author E. R. \ Hoglund , author J. A. \ Tomko , author P. E. \ Hopkins , \ and\ author C. Cancellieri ,\ title title Tensile and compressive stresses in cu/w multilayers: Correlation with microstructure, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity , \ @noop ...

    work page 2022

  53. [53]

    Saha \ and\ author W

    author author R. Saha \ and\ author W. D. \ Nix ,\ title title Effects of the substrate on the determination of thin film mechanical properties by nanoindentation , \ @noop journal journal Acta materialia \ volume 50 ,\ pages 23--38 ( year 2002 ) NoStop

    work page 2002

  54. [54]

    Reddy , author H

    author author A. Reddy , author H. Kahn , \ and\ author A. H. \ Heuer ,\ title title A mems-based evaluation of the mechanical properties of metallic thin films , \ @noop journal journal Journal of microelectromechanical systems \ volume 16 ,\ pages 650--658 ( year 2007 ) NoStop

    work page 2007

  55. [55]

    Okamoto \ and\ author H

    author author H. Okamoto \ and\ author H. Okamoto ,\ @noop title Phase diagrams for binary alloys ,\ Vol. volume 44 \ ( publisher ASM international Materials Park, OH ,\ year 2000 ) NoStop

    work page 2000

  56. [56]

    Shao , author J

    author author W. Shao , author J. M. \ Guevara-Vela , author A. Fern \'a ndez-Caballero , author S. Liu , \ and\ author J. LLorca ,\ title title Accurate prediction of the solid-state region of the ni-al phase diagram including configurational and vibrational entropy and magnetic effects , \ @noop journal journal Acta Materialia \ volume 253 ,\ pages 1189...

    work page 2023

  57. [57]

    author author E. Arzt ,\ title title Size effects in materials due to microstructural and dimensional constraints: a comparative review , \ @noop journal journal Acta materialia \ volume 46 ,\ pages 5611--5626 ( year 1998 ) NoStop

    work page 1998

  58. [58]

    author author J. W. \ Du , author J. Zhang , author L. Chen , author Z. R. \ Liu , author F. Pei , \ and\ author Y. Kong ,\ title title Investigation on the interface structure, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of tialsin/tialn multilayers , \ @noop journal journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces \ volume 15 ,\ pages 53965--53973 ( year 202...

    work page 2023

  59. [59]

    author author S. M. \ Rassoulinejad-Mousavi , author Y. Mao , \ and\ author Y. Zhang ,\ title title Evaluation of copper, aluminum, and nickel interatomic potentials on predicting the elastic properties , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 119 ( year 2016 a ) NoStop

    work page 2016

  60. [60]

    author author S. M. \ Rassoulinejad-Mousavi , author Y. Mao , \ and\ author Y. Zhang ,\ title title Evaluation of copper, aluminum, and nickel interatomic potentials on predicting the elastic properties , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Applied Physics \ volume 119 ( year 2016 b ) NoStop

    work page 2016

  61. [61]

    Zak , author C

    author author S. Zak , author C. Trost , author P. Kreiml , \ and\ author M. Cordill ,\ title title Accurate measurement of thin film mechanical properties using nanoindentation , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Materials Research \ volume 37 ,\ pages 1373--1389 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

    work page 2022

  62. [62]

    author author W. C. \ Oliver \ and\ author G. M. \ Pharr ,\ title title An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments , \ @noop journal journal Journal of materials research \ volume 7 ,\ pages 1564--1583 ( year 1992 ) NoStop

    work page 1992

  63. [63]

    Chrifi-Alaoui , author M

    author author F. Chrifi-Alaoui , author M. Nassik , author K. Mahdouk , \ and\ author J. Gachon ,\ title title Enthalpies of formation of the al--ni intermetallic compounds , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Alloys and Compounds \ volume 364 ,\ pages 121--126 ( year 2004 ) NoStop

    work page 2004

  64. [64]

    author author A. P. \ Hardt , author P. V. \ Phung , \ and\ author F. Valenta ,\ title title Effect of heat loss on delay column performance , \ in\ @noop booktitle Proceedings of the 5th International Pyrotechnics Seminar (Vail, CO, 1976) \ ( organization Denver Rec. Inst. ,\ year 1976 )\ pp.\ pages 223--47 NoStop

    work page 1976