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Taming Knowledge Conflicts in Language Models

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arxiv 2503.10996 v2 pith:DT7PFI6Z submitted 2025-03-14 cs.CL cs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.LG
keywords headsmemoryattentionjuiceknowledgecontextualparametricconflict
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Language Models (LMs) often encounter knowledge conflicts when parametric memory contradicts contextual knowledge. Previous works attribute this conflict to the interplay between "memory heads" and "context heads", attention heads assumed to promote either memory or context exclusively. In this study, we go beyond this fundamental assumption by uncovering a critical phenomenon we term the superposition of contextual information and parametric memory, where highly influential attention heads simultaneously contribute to both memory and context. Building upon this insight, we propose Just Run Twice (JuICE), a test-time attention intervention method that steers LMs toward either parametric beliefs or contextual knowledge without requiring fine-tuning. JuICE identifies a set of reliable attention heads and leverages a dual-run approach to mitigate the superposition effects. Extensive experiments across 11 datasets and 6 model architectures demonstrate that JuICE sets the new state-of-the-art performance and robust generalization, achieving significant and consistent improvement across different domains under various conflict types. Finally, we theoretically analyze knowledge conflict and the superposition of contextual information and parametric memory in attention heads, which further elucidates the effectiveness of JuICE in these settings. Our code is available at https://github.com/GaotangLi/JUICE.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. SHIFT: Gate-Modulated Activation Steering for Knowledge Conflict Mitigation in Retrieval-Augmented Generation

    cs.CL 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    SHIFT reformulates neuron editing as learnable gate modulation on under 0.01% parameters to let LLMs adaptively balance contextual and parametric knowledge during RAG generation.

  2. Right Knowledge, Wrong Answer: Characterizing Parametric Temporal Conflict in Open-Weight Language Models

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Temporal Attractor Steering resolves 29-57% of parametric temporal conflicts in open-weight LLMs while preserving 85-99% accuracy on non-conflict queries.

  3. Right Knowledge, Wrong Answer: Characterizing Parametric Temporal Conflict in Open-Weight Language Models

    cs.LG 2026-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Outdated answers backed by recoverable newer knowledge can be localized to specific upper layers and partially flipped by steering residual-stream activations.

  4. Navigating Unreliable Parametric and Contextual Knowledge: Explicit Knowledge Conflict Resolution for LLM Inference

    cs.AI 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    MACR adaptively assesses LLM confidence via semantic entropy then applies inductive multi-agent reasoning with rule-induction, conflict-analysis, and resolution agents to handle unreliable parametric and contextual knowledge.

  5. From Context-Aware to Conflict-Aware: Generalizing Contrastive Decoding for Knowledge Conflict in LLMs

    cs.AI 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Generalizes contrastive decoding to a conflict-aware paradigm identifying a power family with regime asymmetry, introduces TriState-Bench and Adaptive Regime Routing to improve resistance to erroneous context.

  6. Three Regimes of Context-Parametric Conflict: A Predictive Framework and Empirical Validation

    cs.CL 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A three-regime framework resolves contradictions in LLM context vs. parametric knowledge conflicts by distinguishing single-source updating, competitive integration, and task-appropriate selection, with empirical conf...

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