Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 44 of 44 outbound references and 3 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2504.15120.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2504.15120 v2

Coverage vector

measured 44 of 44 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.259758Z

measured 47 of 47 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 3 of 3 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T05:03:53.331259Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:33.155274Z

Reference resolution

44 of 44 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy9
unresolved35
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d3e8b321-b193-4d14-b871-ffb6296f143d · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.116836Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d0aefa45-8ca6-455f-98dc-4a561cbcf596 · outbound

This paper cites Don't Trust ChatGPT when Your Question is not in English: A Study of Multilingual Abilities and Types of LLMs.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Don't Trust ChatGPT when Your Question is not in English: A Study of Multilingual Abilities and Types of LLMs

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.121256Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ec67df5f-c408-4bbe-9fe6-f2331c381a77 · outbound

This paper cites ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learning.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learning

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.125052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f784fe07-49cd-4591-81b8-d696f643a73c · outbound

This paper cites Mistral 7B.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Mistral 7B

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.128860Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f990f73a-64f0-4594-8a0b-706c7221d038 · outbound

This paper cites Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.132430Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1a44db63-9079-49b4-bd7f-eb18608f66c5 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.136079Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation da55f27e-fab6-445e-b70a-69737e7c15e5 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.139672Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 24870ebc-1616-4fd4-8223-fbbd4ff7135d · outbound

This paper cites TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.143222Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 721a90f0-7cd0-48b6-a4fc-cc11427ec22e · outbound

This paper cites Tokenizer Choice For LLM Training: Negligible or Crucial?.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Tokenizer Choice For LLM Training: Negligible or Crucial?

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.146395Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4480fbba-8961-4603-b36c-dca315841476 · outbound

This paper cites Lahjawi: Arabic cross-dialect translator.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Lahjawi: Arabic cross-dialect translator

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.688011Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 9e27b23e-d91c-42f7-800d-96827a0c89a8 · outbound

This paper cites Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways.Journal of Machine Learning Research , 24(240):1– 113, 2023.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways.Journal of Machine Learning Research , 24(240):1– 113, 2023

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.677988Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 879ebbe1-7056-4bde-b161-6351f93f58ad · outbound

This paper cites Bloom: A 176b-parameter open-access multilingual language model.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Bloom: A 176b-parameter open-access multilingual language model

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.668594Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 1ccd412b-e758-4890-ad2d-758bddfc8609 · outbound

This paper cites mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.159279Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5e41041a-72ed-4945-a106-6c233a9eeeda · outbound

This paper cites Language Contamination Helps Explain the Cross-lingual Capabilities of English Pretrained Models.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Language Contamination Helps Explain the Cross-lingual Capabilities of English Pretrained Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.162470Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8a95d620-0932-419e-ad72-c22291890e5a · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.165839Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 21357bab-c434-4333-84d4-5f363ef2eebf · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Few-Shot Learners.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.168795Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5d9b49d9-c684-487f-a43d-48a6cfd6e364 · outbound

This paper cites Multilingual Instruction Tuning With Just a Pinch of Multilinguality.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Multilingual Instruction Tuning With Just a Pinch of Multilinguality

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.171786Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation adff1211-86d9-492c-b82f-6e1c5aa72b46 · outbound

This paper cites Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models: How to (re)warm your model?.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models: How to (re)warm your model?

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.174992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation faf2a8e5-9a3c-4aea-a660-de7c8e1f5b60 · outbound

This paper cites Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpaca.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpaca

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.178385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 94504622-3e43-4394-b564-5dbb706613ca · outbound

This paper cites Leolm: Igniting german-language llm research, 2023.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Leolm: Igniting german-language llm research, 2023

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.659242Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 9ca4dd80-b3fc-4583-b910-5c2922a39a4e · outbound

This paper cites Building a Large Japanese Web Corpus for Large Language Models.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Building a Large Japanese Web Corpus for Large Language Models

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.184592Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c4a396d4-b54e-4125-bd56-12ef0a2aabd7 · outbound

This paper cites Meltemi: The first open Large Language Model for Greek.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Meltemi: The first open Large Language Model for Greek

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.187844Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 09dbfef0-6e74-4396-b5ea-49b9291ca71d · outbound

This paper cites Breaking the Curse of Multilinguality with Cross-lingual Expert Language Models.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Breaking the Curse of Multilinguality with Cross-lingual Expert Language Models

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.190886Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ea588b62-2558-4966-a5cc-d945e281a0d7 · outbound

This paper cites MoE-LPR: Multilingual Extension of Large Language Models through Mixture-of-Experts with Language Priors Routing.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection MoE-LPR: Multilingual Extension of Large Language Models through Mixture-of-Experts with Language Priors Routing

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.194640Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90113ec8-fe36-4c86-9746-28e2459558b0 · outbound

This paper cites BLOOM+1: Adding Language Support to BLOOM for Zero-Shot Prompting.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection BLOOM+1: Adding Language Support to BLOOM for Zero-Shot Prompting

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.197873Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3230e8be-6e97-4740-98ec-ef3f898210c3 · outbound

This paper cites Jais and Jais-chat: Arabic-Centric Foundation and Instruction-Tuned Open Generative Large Language Models.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Jais and Jais-chat: Arabic-Centric Foundation and Instruction-Tuned Open Generative Large Language Models

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.201125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb5b65ec-21de-49a9-b5f6-8db3209fc81e · outbound

This paper cites AceGPT, Localizing Large Language Models in Arabic.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection AceGPT, Localizing Large Language Models in Arabic

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.204328Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7f419a58-2511-4981-bdd0-779f35a7e3c9 · outbound

This paper cites ArabianGPT: Native Arabic GPT-based Large Language Model.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection ArabianGPT: Native Arabic GPT-based Large Language Model

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.207728Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dadc5587-57da-49bf-8ddf-f331f63c3526 · outbound

This paper cites Allam: Large language models for arabic and english.arXiv e-prints, pages arXiv–2407, 2024.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Allam: Large language models for arabic and english.arXiv e-prints, pages arXiv–2407, 2024

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.649145Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 4d9717a0-9c4a-49ef-b92b-fce96e5a38ea · outbound

This paper cites CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection CulturaX: A Cleaned, Enormous, and Multilingual Dataset for Large Language Models in 167 Languages

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.214011Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 187493ea-9eec-405c-9553-e8aa1e0f0dad · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.638098Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 2c8699ca-2615-4151-b939-fc7ad70f223a · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA Pro: Progressive LLaMA with Block Expansion.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection LLaMA Pro: Progressive LLaMA with Block Expansion

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.220217Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ef36d0de-37b2-4c14-a241-cc6a7e6a671c · outbound

This paper cites GLU Variants Improve Transformer.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection GLU Variants Improve Transformer

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.223543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0eab97d3-40d0-4104-88ec-8c37e82be0ac · outbound

This paper cites Efficiently Adapting Pretrained Language Models To New Languages.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Efficiently Adapting Pretrained Language Models To New Languages

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.226826Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 098096fb-d431-4533-8277-4182a7939137 · outbound

This paper cites Vikhr: The Family of Open-Source Instruction-Tuned Large Language Models for Russian.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Vikhr: The Family of Open-Source Instruction-Tuned Large Language Models for Russian

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.230116Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7999cb42-06bd-4a09-a87d-5269b6957175 · outbound

This paper cites Arabic natural language processing: Challenges and so- lutions.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Arabic natural language processing: Challenges and so- lutions

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.627998Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 37d4d156-d5b3-42d9-9f0d-1c552122a442 · outbound

This paper cites Arabic wordnet and the challenges of arabic.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Arabic wordnet and the challenges of arabic

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.617207Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation 72512a8d-9a3e-45e4-9414-71078d74d606 · outbound

This paper cites Morphological complexity in arabic spelling and its implication for cognitive pro- cessing.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Morphological complexity in arabic spelling and its implication for cognitive pro- cessing

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.607259Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation a4d809a9-4e04-4250-9f0c-e23585688396 · outbound

This paper cites SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.242819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 96d67185-6371-40f8-83d3-70c072d728fc · outbound

This paper cites The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.246114Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 91697047-fd4e-4cbf-a4b0-0fe59fa596df · outbound

This paper cites AraBERT: Transformer-based Model for Arabic Language Understanding.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection AraBERT: Transformer-based Model for Arabic Language Understanding

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.249296Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6e04a56c-8bfe-4b1f-a354-6bf82edfd833 · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Laws with Vocabulary: Larger Models Deserve Larger Vocabularies.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Scaling Laws with Vocabulary: Larger Models Deserve Larger Vocabularies

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.252658Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0f95eea-5274-4b38-8a74-3141206c2614 · outbound

This paper cites Byte Pair Encoding is Suboptimal for Language Model Pretraining.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Byte Pair Encoding is Suboptimal for Language Model Pretraining

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.255864Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c52eb00c-461b-4cce-baa1-1481643b0aed · outbound

This paper cites Open arabic llm leaderboard.https://huggingfac e.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard, 2024.

Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection Open arabic llm leaderboard.https://huggingfac e.co/spaces/OALL/Open-Arabic-LLM-Leaderboard, 2024

Reference 44

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-16T11:37:10.595970Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation b567b26c-c4d7-4eaf-9456-dcd40f334ee1 · inbound

Sadeed: Advancing Arabic Diacritization Through Small Language Model cites this paper.

Sadeed: Advancing Arabic Diacritization Through Small Language Model Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T05:03:53.331259Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5e6f8721-8197-4dd7-a4cf-3c3e1674f571 · inbound

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model cites this paper.

Mutarjim: Advancing Bidirectional Arabic-English Translation with a Small Language Model Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:41:33.275067Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.

Observation c669da71-16f8-4ff6-8db1-a93abdf2b37d · inbound

RightNow-Arabic-0.5B-Turbo: An Open Sub-1B Arabic Language Model via Vocabulary Injection and Edge-First Deployment cites this paper.

RightNow-Arabic-0.5B-Turbo: An Open Sub-1B Arabic Language Model via Vocabulary Injection and Edge-First Deployment Kuwain 1.5B: An Arabic SLM via Language Injection

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-12T23:41:46.854165Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.