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Safety in Large Reasoning Models: A Survey

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arxiv 2504.17704 v3 pith:4TJXJLGY submitted 2025-04-24 cs.CL

Safety in Large Reasoning Models: A Survey

classification cs.CL
keywords safetylrmsmodelsreasoningcapabilitieslargesurveyadvanced
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have exhibited extraordinary prowess in tasks like mathematics and coding, leveraging their advanced reasoning capabilities. Nevertheless, as these capabilities progress, significant concerns regarding their vulnerabilities and safety have arisen, which can pose challenges to their deployment and application in real-world settings. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of LRMs, meticulously exploring and summarizing the newly emerged safety risks, attacks, and defense strategies. By organizing these elements into a detailed taxonomy, this work aims to offer a clear and structured understanding of the current safety landscape of LRMs, facilitating future research and development to enhance the security and reliability of these powerful models.

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Cited by 13 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. REALISTA: Realistic Latent Adversarial Attacks that Elicit LLM Hallucinations

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 8.0

    REALISTA optimizes continuous combinations of valid editing directions in latent space to produce realistic adversarial prompts that elicit hallucinations more effectively than prior methods, including on large reason...

  2. Jailbreaking Frontier Foundation Models Through Intention Deception

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    A multi-turn intention-deception jailbreak achieves high success on GPT-5 and Claude models while exposing para-jailbreaking where models leak harmful information without direct refusal.

  3. Safety Under Scaffolding: How Evaluation Conditions Shape Measured Safety

    cs.SE 2026-03 conditional novelty 7.0

    Map-reduce scaffolding degrades measured safety mainly by stripping multiple-choice options (40–89% of the loss is format conversion); scaffold architecture explains only 0.4% of variance and composite safety scores h...

  4. When Models Outthink Their Safety: Unveiling and Mitigating Self-Jailbreak in Large Reasoning Models

    cs.AI 2025-10 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Large Reasoning Models override their own initial safety recognition during multi-step reasoning in a failure mode called Self-Jailbreak, which Chain-of-Guardrail mitigates through targeted trajectory-level step inter...

  5. REALISTA: Realistic Latent Adversarial Attacks that Elicit LLM Hallucinations

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  7. Reasoning-targeted Jailbreak Attacks on Large Reasoning Models via Semantic Triggers and Psychological Framing

    cs.LG 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    PRJA achieves 83.6% average success injecting harmful content into LRM reasoning chains on five QA datasets without altering final answers.

  8. Beyond Content Safety: Real-Time Monitoring for Reasoning Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    An external zero-shot monitor detects nine unsafe reasoning behaviors in LLMs at 87% step-level accuracy with low false positives and low latency.

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    cs.CL 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 6.0

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  10. Robustness via Referencing: Defending against Prompt Injection Attacks by Referencing the Executed Instruction

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    The method prompts LLMs to output both answers and references to the executed instructions, then filters out any answers not linked to the original input instructions, reducing attack success rates to zero in tested s...

  11. Operational Evidence Gaps for LLMs in Fraud Detection and Trust-and-Safety Workflows

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0

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  12. EMO-R3: Reflective Reinforcement Learning for Emotional Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2026-02 conditional novelty 5.0

    EMO-R3, which combines a three-step emotional reasoning prompt with a reward for the model agreeing with its own image–emotion judgments, raises visual emotion-recognition accuracy by about one point over plain GRPO.

  13. DeepSeek Robustness Against Semantic-Character Dual-Space Mutated Prompt Injection

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Dual-space semantic-character mutations on prompts achieve higher misuse success rates against DeepSeek than single-space attacks alone.