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A Survey of Slow Thinking-based Reasoning LLMs using Reinforced Learning and Inference-time Scaling Law

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arxiv 2505.02665 v2 pith:WCNJNCLN submitted 2025-05-05 cs.AI

classification cs.AI
keywords reasoningllmsmodelsscalingslowsurveythinkingdynamically
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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This survey explores recent advancements in reasoning large language models (LLMs) designed to mimic "slow thinking" - a reasoning process inspired by human cognition, as described in Kahneman's Thinking, Fast and Slow. These models, like OpenAI's o1, focus on scaling computational resources dynamically during complex tasks, such as math reasoning, visual reasoning, medical diagnosis, and multi-agent debates. We present the development of reasoning LLMs and list their key technologies. By synthesizing over 100 studies, it charts a path toward LLMs that combine human-like deep thinking with scalable efficiency for reasoning. The review breaks down methods into three categories: (1) test-time scaling dynamically adjusts computation based on task complexity via search and sampling, dynamic verification; (2) reinforced learning refines decision-making through iterative improvement leveraging policy networks, reward models, and self-evolution strategies; and (3) slow-thinking frameworks (e.g., long CoT, hierarchical processes) that structure problem-solving with manageable steps. The survey highlights the challenges and further directions of this domain. Understanding and advancing the reasoning abilities of LLMs is crucial for unlocking their full potential in real-world applications, from scientific discovery to decision support systems.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. A First-Principles Theory of Slow Thinking and Active Perception

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.5 of 10

    Active lifting of data distributions via latent-sequence sampling and max-rate uncertainty reduction formally derives slow-thinking LLMs and places them on representation and sampler hierarchies that can be climbed.

  2. Controllable LLM Reasoning via Sparse Autoencoder-Based Steering

    cs.AI 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    SAE-Steering finds, via keyword-logit recall plus effectiveness ranking, sparse-autoencoder features that steer a reasoning model into a chosen reasoning strategy, beating baseline steering by ~15% on a judge-based me...

  3. Revisiting Test-Time Scaling: A Survey and a Diversity-Aware Method for Efficient Reasoning

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    ADAPT, a diversity-aware prefix fine-tuning method, improves best-of-N sampling efficiency for a 1.5B reasoning model, reaching 80% accuracy at N=32 versus N=256 for the baseline.

  4. Two Experts Are All You Need for Steering Thinking: Reinforcing Cognitive Effort in MoE Reasoning Models Without Additional Training

    cs.AI 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Reinforcing the two experts most correlated with thinking tokens improves reasoning accuracy and efficiency in MoE large reasoning models, with gains of up to 10 points on AIME benchmarks.

  5. Towards Concise and Adaptive Thinking in Large Reasoning Models: A Survey

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A comprehensive review that categorizes methods for shortening and adaptively triggering chain-of-thought reasoning in large language models.

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