Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 major objections 5 minor 54 references

Hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis: A comparative study employing Vulcan carbon modification by different MnO2 nanostructures

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read A 1 wt% coating of α-MnO2 nanorods on Vulcan carbon raises H2O2 electrosynthesis to 402.6 mg/L, 48% above the unmodified carbon.

desk verdict Useful comparative data on MnO2 phases for H2O2 electrosynthesis, but the headline GDE improvement rests on single, unnormalized measurements and a confounded phase/loading comparison. read the letter →

arxiv 2505.07616 v1 pith:UI5PSU4N submitted 2025-05-12 cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.chem-ph

João Paulo C Moura , Vanessa S Antonin , Aline B Trench , Mauro C Santos This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.mtrl-sciphysics.chem-ph
keywords hydrogenperoxideelectrosynthesismanganesedioxidenanostructuresgasdiffusionelectrodeoxygenreductionreactiontwo-electronORRpathwayVulcanXC-72hydrothermalsynthesiselectrocatalystselectivity
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper tests whether small amounts of manganese dioxide in different crystal forms can push oxygen reduction on Vulcan carbon toward the two-electron pathway that makes hydrogen peroxide. The authors synthesize α-MnO2 nanorods and δ-MnO2 nanoflowers hydrothermally, load them onto Vulcan XC-72, and compare the modified carbons with the bare support in rotating ring-disk and gas-diffusion-electrode experiments. The central result is that a 1 wt% α-MnO2/C cathode accumulates 402.6 mg/L H2O2 in acidic electrolyte after 120 minutes at -1.9 V (vs Ag/AgCl), 48% more than plain Vulcan XC-72. If correct, this identifies a cheap, abundant oxide additive that improves on the carbon support alone for decentralized H2O2 production.

What carries the argument

The central objects are the two MnO2 polymorphs: α-MnO2, obtained after 24 h hydrothermal treatment at 140 °C as tetragonal nanorods (I4/m, d-spacing 2.38 Å for (211) planes), and δ-MnO2, obtained after 12 h as monoclinic birnessite nanoflowers (C2/m). The argument runs on the comparison between Vulcan XC-72 loaded with 1 wt% α-MnO2 and the same carbon loaded with 3 wt% δ-MnO2, with unmodified Vulcan as baseline. The load-bearing identities are the ORR electron number $n \approx 2$ from Koutecky-Levich slopes, the H2O2 selectivity fraction $X_{\mathrm{H_2O_2}} > 70\%$, and the Raman $I_D/I_G$ ratio, which is used as a proxy for surface defects that correlate with peroxide yield.

What would settle it

Replicate the GDE electrolysis with at least three independently hot-pressed electrodes per condition, keeping catalyst loading and PTFE content fixed, and compare the mass-normalized H2O2 yields; if the spread between replicates approaches or exceeds the 48% gap (402.6 vs 270.3 mg/L), the claimed advantage of α-MnO2 over plain Vulcan would not be distinguishable from electrode fabrication noise.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper claims that modifying Vulcan XC-72 with a small amount (1% w/w) of α-MnO2 nanorods makes a gas diffusion electrode significantly more productive for H2O2 electrosynthesis than the unmodified carbon, without switching the oxygen reduction reaction from its two-electron route to the four-electron route that makes water. In rotating ring-disk measurements in 1 mol L-1 NaOH, both 3% δ-MnO2/C and 1% α-MnO2/C gave higher ring currents (58 and 41 µA) than pure Vulcan (35 µA) and H2O2 selectivity above 70%. In the acid GDE cell, the accumulation was 402.6 mg/L for 1% α-MnO2/C versus 270.3 mg/L for Vulcan and 203.5 mg/L for 3% δ-MnO2/C at -1.9 V after 120 min. The authors attribute the improvement to a synergy between nanorod α-MnO2 and the carbon, to more oxygen-containing surface species (20.0 at.% O vs 17.7 at.% on Vulcan), and to improved hydrophilicity, which eases O2 transport and adsorption.

Load-bearing premise

The comparison assumes that the single hot-pressed GDE made with 1% α-MnO2 and the single GDE made without it are identical in geometry, catalyst loading, PTFE distribution, and active area, so the 48% difference in H2O2 accumulation is caused by the MnO2 modification rather than electrode-to-electrode variation.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Using only 1 wt% α-MnO2 is better than using more oxide, so the practical recipe is a dilute nanorod coating that preserves the carbon's conductivity and active surface.
  • The modified GDE maintains the two-electron ORR pathway in acidic sulfate medium, which is the electrolyte regime used for electro-Fenton wastewater treatment.
  • Hydrothermal time alone toggles the catalyst between δ-MnO2 nanoflowers and α-MnO2 nanorods, giving an inexpensive one-variable synthesis route for either polymorph.
  • The 402.6 mg/L accumulation at -1.9 V compares favorably with the prior MnO2/C GDE result of 391 mg/L at -1.1 V, suggesting the nanorod morphology is at least as productive as the nanoflower benchmark.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A natural control experiment the paper does not report: 1% δ-MnO2/C and 3% α-MnO2/C GDEs, so that crystal phase and oxide loading are not varied at the same time.
  • Plotting contact angle against peroxide yield across several oxide/carbon loadings would test whether hydrophilicity is the controlling variable or merely correlated with it.
  • The ID/IG-versus-yield relationship suggests Raman spectroscopy could screen catalyst batches for H2O2 productivity before electrochemical testing.
  • The authors' explanation invites a durability check: repeated electrolysis cycles would show whether the hydrophilicity gain and the α-MnO2/Vulcan synergy persist as the electrode ages.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. This manuscript reports a comparative study of two hydrothermally synthesized MnO2 phases (α-MnO2 nanorods and δ-MnO2 nanoflowers) as modifiers of Vulcan XC-72 carbon for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) toward H2O2 electrosynthesis. The authors characterize the materials by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, Raman, XPS, and contact-angle measurements, and assess ORR activity and selectivity by rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetry in alkaline NaOH, followed by gas-diffusion-electrode (GDE) electrolysis in acid medium. They identify 1% α-MnO2/C and 3% δ-MnO2/C as the most selective RRDE catalysts, with H2O2 selectivity above 70%. In GDE tests, the 1% α-MnO2/C electrode accumulates 402.6 mg/L H2O2 at -1.9 V vs Ag/AgCl after 120 min, which is 48% higher than pure Vulcan XC-72 and 98% higher than the 3% δ-MnO2/C electrode. The improvement is attributed to a synergistic effect between α-MnO2 and carbon, improved hydrophilicity, and increased oxygen functional groups.

Significance. If the reported GDE performance is reproducible, the work demonstrates a simple, low-cost route to significantly enhance H2O2 electrosynthesis using a very small amount of MnO2 (1 wt%) on Vulcan carbon, which would be of practical interest for wastewater treatment and distributed H2O2 production. The paper also provides a useful phase comparison (α vs δ) with extensive structural and surface characterization, including Raman ID/IG correlations and contact-angle data. The central quantitative claim, however, rests on a small number of unreplicated GDE measurements, and the phase comparison is confounded by different oxide loadings. The qualitative RRDE trends (higher ring currents for modified carbons, near-2-electron pathway) are internally consistent and supported by the K-L and Tafel analyses, although exact selectivity values are not reported.

major comments (4)
  1. [Section 2.6, Fig. 8] The central claim of a 48% improvement (402.6 vs 270.3 mg/L) is based on a single GDE measurement per condition, with no replicate runs, error bars, or normalization to catalyst loading or electrode area. Since the GDEs are hand hot-pressed (Section 2.6), variations in PTFE distribution, catalyst-layer thickness, and active area among independently prepared electrodes could produce differences of this magnitude. Please provide replicate measurements (at least three independent electrodes per material), report standard deviations, and normalize H2O2 accumulation to the catalyst mass or geometric area to demonstrate that the difference is systematic.
  2. [Section 3.2, GDE results] The GDE phase comparison is confounded by loading: 1% α-MnO2/C is compared against 3% δ-MnO2/C, so the higher H2O2 accumulation for the α-phase could be due to the lower oxide content rather than the crystallographic phase. Moreover, the δ-MnO2/C GDE produces less H2O2 (203.5 mg/L) than pure Vulcan (270.3 mg/L), a negative result that is not explained by the proposed synergy between MnO2 and carbon. The authors should test α- and δ-MnO2 at matched loadings (e.g., both at 1% and 3%) and address why δ-MnO2 degrades GDE performance.
  3. [Equation (1)] The Koutecky–Levich equation is written with a minus sign before the diffusion-limited current term and with ν^-1 instead of the correct ν^(-1/6). As written, Eq. (1) is dimensionally incorrect and would lead to erroneous K-L slopes and hence incorrect electron-transfer numbers n. Please correct the equation and verify that the n values reported in Section 3.2 and Fig. 7(c) were computed with the correct formula.
  4. [Section 3.2, Fig. 7(c)] The manuscript states that the best catalysts exhibit XH2O2 > 70% and a lower number of transferred electrons, but it does not report the actual numerical values of XH2O2 or n for any catalyst or potential. Since selectivity and n are central quantitative claims, please provide these values (with standard deviations from the duplicate RRDE runs) in the text or in a table, and specify the potential at which they are evaluated.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract / Section 2.5] The abstract mentions GDE experiments in acid media and RRDE in alkaline media, which is correct, but the wording 'in acid media aiming at H2O2 formation' could be clarified to indicate that only the GDE tests were performed in acid.
  2. [Table 1] There are typographical errors: 'potenciostatic' should be 'potentiostatic', and the reference electrode is written inconsistently as 'Ag/Ag/Cl' in some rows; please standardize to 'Ag/AgCl'.
  3. [Section 2.4] Please correct minor typographical issues: 'CuKa' should be 'Cu Kα', and the d-spacing unit 'Â' should be 'Å' in the HRTEM section.
  4. [Figure 5(c)] The XPS C 1s spectra are shown only for Vulcan and α-MnO2/C, not for δ-MnO2/C. If the increase in oxygen functional groups is used to explain the difference between the two MnO2 phases, it would be informative to include the δ-MnO2/C spectrum as well.
  5. [Section 3.1, Raman discussion] The sentence 'These findings indicate that α-MnO2/C electrocatalysts exhibit higher defect densities compared to the other analyzed electrocatalysts' is clear, but the subsequent phrase 'This amorphous carbon material trend' is confusing; consider rephrasing to 'This trend in the carbon material'.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity found: the central H2O2 accumulation and selectivity claims are direct experimental measurements and standard algebraic transforms, not outputs of a fitted model or of the authors' prior results.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain consists of synthesis, structural characterization (XRD/ICSD, Raman, XPS, contact angle), RRDE voltammetry, Koutecky-Levich and Tafel analyses, and GDE chronoamperometric H2O2 accumulation. The selectivity quantities X_H2O2 and n are computed from measured ring and disk currents via Eqs. (2) and (3), which are standard definitions rather than fitted or predicted values. The 402.6 mg/L H2O2 accumulation for 1% α-MnO2/C is an independent GDE measurement at -1.9 V in 0.1 mol L-1 H2SO4 + 0.1 mol L-1 K2SO4; it is not obtained by re-evaluating a fitted equation or by transforming the authors' earlier 391 mg/L MnO2/C benchmark from Ref. [24]. Self-citations appear mainly for the wet-impregnation and GDE hot-pressing procedure [23], for the general oxide-loading/selectivity trend [21-24], and as a Table 1 comparison point, but none of these citations supplies the measured 48% difference or the RRDE selectivity numbers; the load-bearing quantitative claims are new data. The phase assignments are checked against external ICSD cards, and the Table 1 external benchmarks (Co-porphyrin/PL6, Ta2O5/PL6) provide outside comparison. The reviewer's concern about single GDE runs, absent error bars, and the 1% α-MnO2/C versus 3% δ-MnO2/C loading confound is an experimental robustness issue, not a circularity issue: no equation in the paper reduces to its input, and no fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction. Accordingly, no circular step is identified and the score is 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no new entities or fitted parameters. All quantitative claims are experimental measurements plus standard electrochemical analysis; the main unstated burdens are the calibration assumptions for N and the UV-Vis assay, and the mechanistic correlations.

assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption The rotating ring-disk electrode collection factor N=0.28 (experimental) is accurate and constant for all catalysts and potentials.
    N enters directly in Eqs. 2-3 to compute H2O2 selectivity and electron number; the paper gives an experimental N=0.28 and a theoretical N=0.22 but does not explain the discrepancy or the calibration procedure.
  • domain assumption The UV-Vis ammonium molybdate method measures accumulated H2O2 without systematic interference or significant decomposition losses during the 120-min electrolysis.
    All H2O2 accumulation claims rest on this analytical method, which is cited from prior work but not re-validated here with calibration curves or spike and recovery data.
  • domain assumption Higher ID/IG ratio from Raman indicates a higher density of carbon defects or oxygen vacancies, and defects promote the 2-electron ORR.
    Invoked in Section 3.2 and Fig. 7d to explain the loading-dependent selectivity trend; no direct defect measurement (e.g., electron paramagnetic resonance) is provided.
  • domain assumption Higher hydrophilicity (lower contact angle) improves O2 transport and catalyst utilization, thereby increasing ORR activity.
    Used to link the contact angle decrease (23.5° to 12.4°/14.4°) to improved H2O2 electrosynthesis; a standard but not directly deconvoluted relationship.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis: A comparative study employing Vulcan carbon modification by different MnO2 nanostructures." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/UI5PSU4N

@misc{pith2026250507616,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis: A comparative study employing Vulcan carbon modification by different MnO2 nanostructures},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/UI5PSU4N}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2505.07616}
}
read the original abstract

The electrochemical performances of the {\alpha}-MnO2/Vulcan XC-72 and {\delta}-MnO2/Vulcan XC-72 nanostructures in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrosynthesis were compared herein. Both materials were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route. Their structures and morphologies were analyzed by SEM, HRTEM, XPS, Raman Scattering and XRD, and their ORR electrochemical properties and H2O2 electrosynthesis efficacies were investigated in alkaline NaOH solutions applying the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique. Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) setups in acid media aiming at H2O2 formation were also performed. The 3% {\delta}-MnO2/C and 1% {\alpha}-MnO2/C electrocatalysts were more efficient and selective than pure Vulcan XC-72 through the ORR 2-electron pathway in the RRDE essays. Concerning H2O2 electrogeneration using GDE, the 1% {\alpha}-MnO2/C electrocatalyst displayed better activity, with peroxide accumulation of 402.6 mg/L at -1.9 V (vs Ag/AgCl) after 120 min, 48 % higher than pure Vulcan XC-72 GDE. These results can be ascribed to a synergistic effect between {\alpha}-MnO2 and Vulcan XC-72, as well as oxygen functional acid species improvement, increasing electrocatalytic surface hydrophilicity and enhancing H2O2 electrosynthesis.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2505.07616 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. XRD patterns of the hydrothermally synthesized MnO2 oxides. The vertical sticks below are relative to the peak positions and relative peak intensities using ICSD cards as reference [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. SEM images of the hydrothermally synthesized MnO2 oxide at 140 ºC for different hydrothermal times, (a) δ-MnO2 and (b) -MnO2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. HRTEM α-MnO2 image and its corresponding FFT [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (5 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: (a-b) SEM images of the 3% δ-MnO2/Vulcan XC-72 and (c-d) 1% α-MnO2 /Vulcan XC-72 w/w materials obtained by the wet impregnation method [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: (a) ID/IG ratios obtained by Raman spectra; (b) Electrocatalyst contact angles. Inset: deionized water droplets on the electrocatalyst layers and (c) Deconvoluted C 1s XPS spectra of Vulcan XC-72 carbon and 1% α-MnO2 /C [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Steady state polarization curves for the ORR employing MnO2/C-based electrocatalysts and the reference materials Vulcan XC-72, and Pt/C AA in a O2-saturated NaOH 1 mol L-1 solution at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 at 1600 rpm. (a) Ring current Ering = 0.3 V (b) negative disk…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: (a) ORR K-L plots, (b) Tafel plots, (c) Number of transferred electrons and O2 conversion rate on the MnO2/C-based electrocatalysts, Vulcan XC-72 and Pt/C AA in a 1 mol L -1 NaOH O2-saturated solution and (d) relation ID/IG vs H2O2 selectivity in function of MnO2 conte…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: H2O2 electrogeneration at different potentials (vs Ag/AgCl) as a function of electrolysis time for different GDEs [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_8.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

54 extracted references · 37 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    N. Wang, S. Ma, P. Zuo, J. Duan, B. Hou, Recent Progress of Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Advanced Science. 8 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100076

    work page doi:10.1002/advs.202100076 2021

  2. [2]

    Zaman, L

    S. Zaman, L. Huang, A.I. Douka, H. Yang, B. You, B.Y. Xia, Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts toward Practical Fuel Cells: Progress and Perspectives, Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. 60 (2021) 17832–17852. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016977

    work page doi:10.1002/anie.202016977 2021

  3. [3]

    Pinheiro, F.M

    V.S. Pinheiro, F.M. Souza, T.C. Gentil, P. Böhnstedt, E.C. Paz, L.S. Parreira, P. Hammer, B.L. Batista, M.C. Santos, Insights in the Study of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells using Hybrid Platinum-Ceria Nanorods Electrocatalysts, ChemElectroChem. 6 (2019) 5124–5135. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201901253

    doi:10.1002/celc.201901253 2019

  4. [4]

    Bhoyate, J

    S.D. Bhoyate, J. Kim, F.M. de Souza, J. Lin, E. Lee, A. Kumar, R.K. Gupta, Science and engineering for non-noble-metal-based electrocatalysts to boost their ORR performance: A critical review, Coord Chem Rev. 474 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214854. 17

    work page arXiv 2023

  5. [5]

    Y. He, X. Yang, Y. Li, L. Liu, S. Guo, C. Shu, F. Liu, Y. Liu, Q. Tan, G. Wu, Atomically Dispersed Fe– Co Dual Metal Sites as Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable and Flexible Zn– Air Batteries, ACS Catal. 12 (2022) 1216–1227. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c04550

    work page doi:10.1021/acscatal.1c04550 2022

  6. [6]

    J. An, Y. Feng, Q. Zhao, X. Wang, J. Liu, N. Li, Electrosynthesis of H2O2 through a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction by carbon based catalysts: From mechanism, catalyst design to electrode fabrication, Environmental Science and Ecotechnology. 11 (2022) 100170. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESE.2022.100170

    arXiv 2022

  7. [7]

    X. Yang, Y. Zeng, W. Alnoush, Y. Hou, D. Higgins, G. Wu, Tuning Two-Electron Oxygen- Reduction Pathways for H2O2 Electrosynthesis via Engineering Atomically Dispersed Single Metal Site Catalysts, Advanced Materials. 34 (2022) 2107954. https://doi.org/10.1002/ADMA.202107954

    work page doi:10.1002/adma.202107954 2022

  8. [8]

    Y. Wen, T. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Pan, T. Wang, H. Yamashita, X. Qian, Y. Zhao, Electrochemical Reactors for Continuous Decentralized H2O2 Production, Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 61 (2022) e202205972. https://doi.org/10.1002/ANIE.202205972

    work page doi:10.1002/anie.202205972 2022

Show all 54 references
  1. [9]

    Kulkarni, S

    A. Kulkarni, S. Siahrostami, A. Patel, J.K. Nørskov, Understanding Catalytic Activity Trends in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Chem Rev. 118 (2018) 2302–2312. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00488

    2018 doi

  2. [10]

    Zhang, S

    L. Zhang, S. Jiang, W. Ma, Z. Zhou, Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt-based electrocatalysts: Four-electron vs. two-electron pathway, Chinese Journal of Catalysis. 43 (2022) 1433–1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63961-X

    2022 doi

  3. [11]

    Zhang, L

    E. Zhang, L. Tao, J. An, J. Zhang, L. Meng, X. Zheng, Y. Wang, N. Li, S. Du, J. Zhang, D. Wang, Y. Li, Engineering the Local Atomic Environments of Indium Single-Atom Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Peroxide, Angewandte Chemie International Editi...

    2022 doi

  4. [12]

    W. Xiao, D. Wang, X.W. Lou, Shape-controlled synthesis of MnO2 nanostructures with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction, Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 114 (2010) 1694–1700. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp909386d

    2010 doi

  5. [13]

    I. Ali, K. van Eyck, S. de Laet, R. Dewil, Recent advances in carbonaceous catalyst design for the in situ production of H2O2 via two-electron oxygen reduction, Chemosphere. 308 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136127

    2022

  6. [14]

    Osgood, S

    H. Osgood, S. v. Devaguptapu, H. Xu, J. Cho, G. Wu, Transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn) oxides for oxygen reduction and evolution bifunctional catalysts in alkaline media, Nano Today. 11 (2016) 601–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2016.09.001

    2016 doi

  7. [15]

    Kwon, K.G

    N.H. Kwon, K.G. Lee, H.K. Kim, S.J. Hwang, MnO2-based nanostructured materials for various energy applications, Mater Chem Front. 5 (2021) 3549–3575. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00128k

    2021 doi

  8. [16]

    M. Yin, H. Miao, R. Hu, Z. Sun, H. Li, Manganese dioxides for oxygen electrocatalysis in energy conversion and storage systems over full pH range, J Power Sources. 494 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229779

    2021

  9. [17]

    Selvakumar, S.M

    K. Selvakumar, S.M. Senthil Kumar, R. Thangamuthu, K. Ganesan, P. Murugan, P. Rajput, S.N. Jha, D. Bhattacharyya, Physiochemical investigation of shape-designed MnO2 nanostructures 18 and their influence on oxygen reduction reaction activity in alkaline solution, Journal of Ph...

    2015 doi

  10. [18]

    Cheng, Y

    F. Cheng, Y. Su, J. Liang, Z. Tao, J. Chen, MnO2-based nanostructures as catalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction in alkaline media, Chemistry of Materials. 22 (2010) 898–

    2010

  11. [19]

    W. Zhou, X. Meng, J. Gao, A.N. Alshawabkeh, Hydrogen peroxide generation from O2 electroreduction for environmental remediation: A state-of-the-art review, Chemosphere. 225 (2019) 588–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.042

    2019 doi

  12. [20]

    W. Zhou, L. Xie, J. Gao, R. Nazari, H. Zhao, X. Meng, F. Sun, G. Zhao, J. Ma, Selective H2O2 electrosynthesis by O-doped and transition-metal-O-doped carbon cathodes via O2 electroreduction: A critical review, Chemical Engineering Journal. 410 (2021) 128368. https://doi.org/10...

    2021

  13. [21]

    Assumpão, A

    M.H.M.T. Assumpão, A. Moraes, R.F.B. de Souza, I. Gaubeur, R.T.S. Oliveira, V.S. Antonin, G.R.P. Malpass, R.S. Rocha, M.L. Calegaro, M.R.V. Lanza, M.C. Santos, Low content cerium oxide nanoparticles on carbon for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis, Appl Catal A Gen. 411– 412 (...

    2012 doi

  14. [22]

    Pinheiro, E.C

    V.S. Pinheiro, E.C. Paz, L.R. Aveiro, L.S. Parreira, F.M. Souza, P.H.C. Camargo, M.C. Santos, Ceria high aspect ratio nanostructures supported on carbon for hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration, Electrochim Acta. 259 (2018) 865–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.010

    2018 doi

  15. [23]

    Antonin, L.S

    V.S. Antonin, L.S. Parreira, L.R. Aveiro, F.L. Silva, R.B. Valim, P. Hammer, M.R.V. Lanza, M.C. Santos, W@Au Nanostructures Modifying Carbon as Materials for Hydrogen Peroxide Electrogeneration, Electrochim Acta. 231 (2017) 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.192

    2017 doi

  16. [24]

    Aveiro, A.G.M

    L.R. Aveiro, A.G.M. da Silva, V.S. Antonin, E.G. Candido, L.S. Parreira, R.S. Geonmonond, I.C. de Freitas, M.R.V. Lanza, P.H.C. Camargo, M.C. Santos, Carbon-supported MnO2 nanoflowers: Introducing oxygen vacancies for optimized volcano-type electrocatalytic activities towards ...

    2018 doi

  17. [25]

    Perego, P

    C. Perego, P. Villa, Catalyst preparation methods, 1997

    1997

  18. [26]

    Assumpção, R.F.B

    M.H.M.T. Assumpção, R.F.B. de Souza, D.C. Rascio, J.C.M. Silva, M.L. Calegaro, I. Gaubeur, T.R.L.C. Paixão, P. Hammer, M.R.V. Lanza, M.C. Santos, A comparative study of the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide using Vulcan and Printex carbon supports, Carbon N Y. 49 (2011) 2...

    2011 doi

  19. [27]

    Ferrari, J

    A.C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon, n.d

  20. [28]

    Tai, S.C

    F.C. Tai, S.C. Lee, C.H. Wei, S.L. Tyan, Correlation between ID⁄IG Ratio from Visible Raman Spectra and sp2/sp3 Ratio from XPS Spectra of Annealed Hydrogenated DLC Film, Mater Trans. 47 (2006) 1847–1852. https://doi.org/10.2320/MATERTRANS.47.1847. 19

    2006 doi

  21. [29]

    Guizani, K

    C. Guizani, K. Haddad, L. Limousy, M. Jeguirim, New insights on the structural evolution of biomass char upon pyrolysis as revealed by the Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis, Carbon N Y. 119 (2017) 519–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBON.2017.04.078

    2017 doi

  22. [30]

    Sharifuzzaman, S.C

    Md. Sharifuzzaman, S.C. Barman, Md.A. Zahed, N.J. San, J.Y. Park, Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with Few-Layered MoS 2 -Nanoroses and Au/Pd/Ag Trimetallic Nanoparticles for Ultrasensitive Label-Free Immunosensing Platforms , J Electrochem Soc. 166 (2019) ...

    2019 doi

  23. [31]

    Chamoli, M.K

    P. Chamoli, M.K. Das, K.K. Kar, Structural, optical and electronic characteristics of N-doped graphene nanosheets synthesized using urea as reducing agent and nitrogen precursor, Mater Res Express. 4 (2017) 015012. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/AA5776

    2017 doi

  24. [32]

    Law, Definitions for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and superhydrophobicity: Getting the basics right, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

    K.Y. Law, Definitions for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and superhydrophobicity: Getting the basics right, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (2014) 686–688. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz402762h

    2014 doi

  25. [33]

    D. Fu, Y. Zhu, T. Yu, J. Li, L. Chen, Y. Cui, Z. Liu, H. Wang, In-situ efficient electrosynthesis of H2O2–NaClO based on the media pH and catalyst mutual selection mechanism, J Power Sources. 553 (2023) 232306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232306

    2023

  26. [34]

    X. Wei, X. Luo, H. Wang, W. Gu, W. Cai, Y. Lin, C. Zhu, Highly-defective Fe-N-C catalysts towards pH-Universal oxygen reduction reaction, Appl Catal B. 263 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118347

    2020

  27. [35]

    Paz, L.R

    E.C. Paz, L.R. Aveiro, V.S. Pinheiro, F.M. Souza, V.B. Lima, F.L. Silva, P. Hammer, M.R.V. Lanza, M.C. Santos, Evaluation of H2O2 electrogeneration and decolorization of Orange II azo dye using tungsten oxide nanoparticle-modified carbon, Appl Catal B. 232 (2018) 436–445. http...

    2018 doi

  28. [36]

    Dos Reis, V.S

    F.V.E. Dos Reis, V.S. Antonin, P. Hammer, M.C. Santos, P.H.C. Camargo, Carbon-supported TiO2-Au hybrids as catalysts for the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide: Investigating the effect of TiO2 shape, J Catal. 326 (2015) 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2015.04.007

    2015 doi

  29. [37]

    Barbosa, L.S

    E.C.M. Barbosa, L.S. Parreira, I.C. De Freitas, L.R. Aveiro, D.C. De Oliveira, M.C. Dos Santos, P.H.C. Camargo, Pt-Decorated TiO2 Materials Supported on Carbon: Increasing Activities and Stabilities toward the ORR by Tuning the Pt Loading, ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2 (2019) 5759–

    2019

  30. [38]

    Q. Tian, F. Xiao, H. Zhao, X. Fei, X. Shen, G. Postole, G. Zhao, Simultaneously accelerating the regeneration of FeII and the selectivity of 2e- oxygen reduction over sulfide iron-based carbon aerogel in electro-Fenton system, Appl Catal B. 272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/...

    2020

  31. [39]

    L. Li, J. Bai, S. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Li, T. Zhou, J. Wang, X. Guan, B. Zhou, Enhanced O2−[rad] and HO[rad] via in situ generating H2O2 at activated graphite felt cathode for efficient photocatalytic fuel cell, Chemical Engineering Journal. 399 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j...

    2020

  32. [40]

    Fletcher, Tafel slopes from first principles, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry

    S. Fletcher, Tafel slopes from first principles, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 13 (2009) 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-008-0670-8. 20

    2009 doi

  33. [41]

    Ramaswamy, S

    N. Ramaswamy, S. Mukerjee, Influence of inner- and outer-sphere electron transfer mechanisms during electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction in alkaline media, Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 115 (2011) 18015–18026. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp204680p

    2011 doi

  34. [42]

    Kostuch, J

    A. Kostuch, J. Gryboś, P. Indyka, L. Osmieri, S. Specchia, Z. Sojka, K. Kruczała, Morphology and dispersion of nanostructured manganese-cobalt spinel on various carbon supports: The effect on the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media, Catal Sci Technol. 8 (2018) 642–655....

    2018 doi

  35. [43]

    Shinagawa, A.T

    T. Shinagawa, A.T. Garcia-Esparza, K. Takanabe, Insight on Tafel slopes from a microkinetic analysis of aqueous electrocatalysis for energy conversion, Sci Rep. 5 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13801

    2015 doi

  36. [44]

    Yadav, R

    D.K. Yadav, R. Gupta, V. Ganesan, P.K. Sonkar, M. Yadav, Gold Nanoparticles Incorporated in a Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Framework as Multifunctional Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions, ChemElectroChem. 5 (2018) 2612–2619. https://doi.org/10.1002/...

    2018 doi

  37. [45]

    Paz, V.S

    E.C. Paz, V.S. Pinheiro, L.R. Aveiro, F.L. Souza, M.R.V. Lanza, M.C. Santos, Hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration by gas diffusion electrode modified with tungsten oxide nanoparticles for degradation of orange II and sunset yellow FCF azo dyes, J Braz Chem Soc. 30 (2019) 1964–

    2019

  38. [46]

    Assumpção, R.F.B

    M.H.M.T. Assumpção, R.F.B. de Souza, R.M. Reis, R.S. Rocha, J.R. Steter, P. Hammer, I. Gaubeur, M.L. Calegaro, M.R.V. Lanza, M.C. Santos, Low tungsten content of nanostructured material supported on carbon for the degradation of phenol, Appl Catal B. 142–143 (2013) 479–486. ht...

    2013 doi

  39. [47]

    Roche, E

    I. Roche, E. Chaînet, M. Chatenet, J. Vondrák, Carbon-supported manganese oxide nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) in alkaline medium: Physical characterizations and ORR mechanism, Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 111 (2007) 1434–1443. ht...

    2007 doi

  40. [48]

    El-Deab, T

    M.S. El-Deab, T. Ohsaka, Manganese oxide nanoparticles electrodeposited on platinum are superior to platinum for oxygen reduction, Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. 45 (2006) 5963–5966. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600692

    2006 doi

  41. [49]

    Cao, H.X

    Y.L. Cao, H.X. Yang, X.P. Ai, L.F. Xiao, The mechanism of oxygen reduction on MnO2-catalyzed air cathode in alkaline solution, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 557 (2003) 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00355-3

    2003 doi

  42. [50]

    Cordeiro Junior, A.S

    P.J.M. Cordeiro Junior, A.S. Martins, G.B.S. Pereira, F.V. Rocha, M.A.R. Rodrigo, M.R. de V. Lanza, High-performance gas-diffusion electrodes for H2O2 electrosynthesis, Electrochim Acta. 430 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141067

    2022

  43. [51]

    Carneiro, R.S

    J.F. Carneiro, R.S. Rocha, P. Hammer, R. Bertazzoli, M.R.V. Lanza, Hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration in gas diffusion electrode nanostructured with Ta2O5, Appl Catal A Gen. 517 (2016) 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APCATA.2016.03.013. 21 Figure 1. Figure 1: XRD patterns ...

    2016 doi

  44. [905]

    https://doi.org/10.1021/cm901698s

    doi

  45. [1975]

    https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20190111

  46. [5768]

    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00879

    doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.