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Security Concerns for Large Language Models: A Survey

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arxiv 2505.18889 v5 pith:VWUJ2VW7 submitted 2025-05-24 cs.CR cs.AI

classification cs.CRcs.AI
keywords languagesecurityattacksconcernslargellmsmodelssurvey
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and its competitors have caused a revolution in natural language processing, but their capabilities also introduce new security vulnerabilities. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of these emerging concerns, categorizing threats into several key areas: inference-time attacks via prompt manipulation; training-time attacks; misuse by malicious actors; and the inherent risks in autonomous LLM agents. Recently, a significant focus is increasingly being placed on the latter. We summarize recent academic and industrial studies from 2022 to 2025 that exemplify each threat, analyze existing defense mechanisms and their limitations, and identify open challenges in securing LLM-based applications. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of advancing robust, multi-layered security strategies to ensure LLMs are safe and beneficial.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Gecko: A Simulation Environment with Stateful Feedback for Refining Agent Tool Calls

    cs.SE 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A simulated tool environment with argument validation, response synthesis, and task-state feedback improves LLM tool-call accuracy at test time.

  2. Bridging AI and Software Security: A Comparative Vulnerability Assessment of LLM Agent Deployment Paradigms

    cs.CR 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Function Calling and MCP architectures show distinct vulnerability patterns, with chained attacks succeeding 91-96% of the time in both.

  3. Adversarial Prompting Framework for AI Safety Assessment

    cs.CR 2026-07 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    An adversarial prompt testing framework with a five-level attack taxonomy and a composite harmfulness score is proposed; the paper claims encoded prompts bypass safety filters most often.

  4. Zero-Shot Embedding Drift Detection: A Lightweight Defense Against Prompt Injections in LLMs

    cs.CR 2026-01 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    An embedding-drift prompt injection detector that is not zero-shot, requires a clean reference prompt at inference, and fits its threshold on the test set, so the reported >93% accuracy is not evidence of deployed per...

  5. LLM Harms: A Taxonomy and Discussion

    cs.CY 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    This paper proposes a taxonomy of LLM harms in five categories and suggests mitigation strategies plus a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.

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