Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 28 of 28 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.19116.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.19116 v2

Coverage vector

measured 28 of 28 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:10.070794Z

measured 28 of 28 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

28 of 28 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy0
unresolved26
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation aad87dfb-a685-4515-bdc9-7dd2f412856a · outbound

This paper cites SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:07.391870Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 731a4b1a-aa37-4ead-850c-b422437fdce6 · outbound

This paper cites Tower: An Open Multilingual Large Language Model for Translation-Related Tasks.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Tower: An Open Multilingual Large Language Model for Translation-Related Tasks

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:07.441054Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 447994e9-7c32-409f-aad8-8ea9167c7988 · outbound

This paper cites Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation in the Wild: Findings and Challenges.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation in the Wild: Findings and Challenges

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:07.484824Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 533ef5fa-d3d1-4be8-8c53-683cf2cb8072 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:11.501946Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 07cb52e9-bb48-4f93-b9ce-45c7b3eb8f63 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models are Easily Confused: A Quantitative Metric, Security Implications and Typological Analysis.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Large Language Models are Easily Confused: A Quantitative Metric, Security Implications and Typological Analysis

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:10.654276Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 0c0c648a-9c4c-4ce1-a704-4d468134a0e9 · outbound

This paper cites Command A: An Enterprise-Ready Large Language Model.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Command A: An Enterprise-Ready Large Language Model

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:07.816101Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6c3f2001-d380-456e-b90c-2c20faf88613 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:08.081239Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3b495fcc-deeb-424b-9795-2f9dddd4fbc0 · outbound

This paper cites How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detection.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detection

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:08.846254Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b465fad5-aacf-4ac7-9ced-4a6c632f5a88 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:11.364780Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation f3f64b3f-922a-4b96-9349-99efe8316087 · outbound

This paper cites ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:08.965949Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 87b9f94d-021a-420c-be8d-e2a441ad3ca8 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs GPT-4o System Card

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.024324Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b59221ff-d191-4536-942d-f3d181f93f3c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:11.203676Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 53044cff-34a6-4dc5-93d7-8067d4f92995 · outbound

This paper cites Understanding and Mitigating Language Confusion in LLMs.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Understanding and Mitigating Language Confusion in LLMs

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.153351Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bd6d0c67-dca2-4cf8-910c-bdae07060eb5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:11.122755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 925ef49d-7054-4e85-9746-e8d3abd3263d · outbound

This paper cites 2 OLMo 2 Furious.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs 2 OLMo 2 Furious

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.279901Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c7ddb26a-0efa-4ee5-8425-cfc059efb66a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.321906Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0e31a98c-2f8e-428b-bac6-7ffd4b7fa664 · outbound

This paper cites Linguistic Generalizability of Test-Time Scaling in Mathematical Reasoning.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Linguistic Generalizability of Test-Time Scaling in Mathematical Reasoning

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.358560Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5edde66a-f202-4d6e-bfbc-383b428034ff · outbound

This paper cites LLM-as-a-Judge & Reward Model: What They Can and Cannot Do.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs LLM-as-a-Judge & Reward Model: What They Can and Cannot Do

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.410709Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3be23220-3eff-4361-b2ce-6b424d45a360 · outbound

This paper cites HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Models.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.463527Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a5a099c4-8d9f-457a-9cf1-4728329dce4f · outbound

This paper cites MM-Eval: A Multilingual Meta-Evaluation Benchmark for LLM-as-a-Judge and Reward Models.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs MM-Eval: A Multilingual Meta-Evaluation Benchmark for LLM-as-a-Judge and Reward Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.535726Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f031f7e6-509c-4a71-8c34-dc395761ec98 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:10.944083Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation a47e749d-3c05-430e-b97f-cf4cf8efcd05 · outbound

This paper cites SeaEval for Multilingual Foundation Models: From Cross-Lingual Alignment to Cultural Reasoning.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs SeaEval for Multilingual Foundation Models: From Cross-Lingual Alignment to Cultural Reasoning

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.661709Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4ed1decf-4088-4961-ae9a-55fcbeff0a9f · outbound

This paper cites Investigating and Scaling up Code-Switching for Multilingual Language Model Pre-Training.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Investigating and Scaling up Code-Switching for Multilingual Language Model Pre-Training

Reference 23

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:10.302364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation c6333f03-b5c1-49c0-83a6-baae930bbdb3 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen3 Technical Report.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Qwen3 Technical Report

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.761891Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3d5d1226-5d0b-4746-b34d-bff97d2e639e · outbound

This paper cites Code-Switching Curriculum Learning for Multilingual Transfer in LLMs.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Code-Switching Curriculum Learning for Multilingual Transfer in LLMs

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.832076Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1da6dd6b-4055-4f62-ae99-d5197377644d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.882339Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6b245685-a2a1-4a23-a78f-21a8acd71ea7 · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:09.938889Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bfce6a59-17f9-4e33-8935-eb0e3babbda3 · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs write newline

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:26:10.070794Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.