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arxiv: 2506.20660 · v2 · pith:ETWJTJAKnew · submitted 2025-06-25 · 🪐 quant-ph · cond-mat.quant-gas· physics.atom-ph

Continuous operation of a coherent 3,000-qubit system

Neng-Chun Chiu , Elias C. Trapp , Jinen Guo , Mohamed H. Abobeih , Luke M. Stewart , Simon Hollerith , Pavel Stroganov , Marcin Kalinowski
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Alexandra A. Geim Simon J. Evered Sophie H. Li Xingjian Lyu Lisa M. Peters Dolev Bluvstein Tout T. Wang Markus Greiner Vladan Vuleti\'c Mikhail D. Lukin
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 08:26 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph cond-mat.quant-gasphysics.atom-ph
keywords neutral atomsoptical tweezersatom arrayscontinuous operationcoherent storageoptical latticesquantum error correctionatomic qubits
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The pith

Dual optical lattice conveyors enable continuous reloading of a coherent 3,000-atom qubit array for over two hours.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper shows how to operate a large neutral-atom qubit system continuously rather than in pulses limited by atom loss. Fresh atoms are moved from reservoirs using two optical lattice conveyor belts and extracted into optical tweezers in the science region. The process reloads at a rate of 300,000 atoms per second, allowing over 30,000 initialized qubits per second and sustaining more than 3,000 atoms in the array for over two hours. New atoms can be added in spin-polarized or coherent states while keeping the quantum states of nearby stored qubits intact. This continuous mode could support longer experiments in quantum computation, simulation, and sensing by eliminating reloading downtime.

Core claim

The authors establish that their dual-conveyor architecture transports atom reservoirs into the science region where atoms are repeatedly extracted into optical tweezers, creating over 30,000 initialized qubits per second and maintaining an array of over 3,000 atoms for more than 2 hours. They further show persistent refilling with qubits in spin-polarized or coherent superposition states without affecting the coherence of stored qubits nearby.

What carries the argument

Dual optical lattice conveyor belts that transport atom reservoirs into the science region for repeated extraction into optical tweezers without affecting the coherence of nearby stored qubits.

If this is right

  • The architecture supports assembly and maintenance of large atom arrays over extended periods exceeding two hours.
  • Persistent refilling is possible with qubits in either spin-polarized or coherent superposition states.
  • The approach removes the pulsed-mode limitation caused by atom losses in quantum simulations and computation.
  • It enables deep-circuit quantum evolution through quantum error correction by avoiding reloading downtime.
  • Results support large-scale continuously operated atomic clocks, sensors, and fault-tolerant quantum computers.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Increasing reservoir capacity could extend continuous operation times for arrays larger than 3,000 atoms.
  • Separating transport from the science region may allow independent optimization of loading rates and coherence times.
  • The method could integrate with error-correction cycles to sustain fault-tolerant computation without periodic resets.

Load-bearing premise

The dual optical lattice conveyor transport and tweezer extraction steps can be executed repeatedly without measurable decoherence or loss of fidelity for qubits already held in the science region.

What would settle it

An experiment showing measurable decoherence or loss of fidelity in stored qubits after repeated cycles of conveyor transport and tweezer extraction would falsify the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.20660 by Alexandra A. Geim, Dolev Bluvstein, Elias C. Trapp, Jinen Guo, Lisa M. Peters, Luke M. Stewart, Marcin Kalinowski, Markus Greiner, Mikhail D. Lukin, Mohamed H. Abobeih, Neng-Chun Chiu, Pavel Stroganov, Simon Hollerith, Simon J. Evered, Sophie H. Li, Tout T. Wang, Vladan Vuleti\'c, Xingjian Lyu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Atom array architecture for continuous reloading. a, A cloud of laser-cooled atoms is transported over 0.5 m from a separate MOT region into the science region via two optical lattice conveyor belts crossed at an angle. In the science region, the optical lattice serves as an atomic reservoir, from which a 2D array of optical tweezers repeatedly extracts atoms into the “preparation zone”. Here, atoms are la… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Iterative assembly and continuous maintenance of a large-scale atomic array. a, Atom fluorescence image outlining the zone architecture consisting of lattice reservoir, 1,440-site preparation zone, and 3,240-site storage zone. (Averaged) images of each zone are exposed separately and combined with different weights for visualization purposes. b, Single￾shot fluorescence image of 3,217 atoms in the 3,240-si… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Benchmarking concurrent qubit preparation. a, Coherence contrast under various conditions when applying N-repetitions of an XY16 dynamical decoupling (DD) sequence with π-pulse spacing 2τ ≈ 1.6 ms to storage qubits, where the reference measurement yields T2 = 1.34(4) s (gray). Operating the distant MOT in parallel to DD, we observe a minimal effect on coherence (green) compared to the reference, but a stro… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Continuous reloading while maintaining storage qubit coherence. a, Time sequence visualizing our con￾tinuous reloading protocol (see also ED [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Neutral atoms are a promising platform for quantum science, enabling advances in areas ranging from quantum simulations and computation to metrology, atomic clocks and quantum networking. While atom losses typically limit these systems to a pulsed mode, continuous operation could substantially enhance cycle rates, remove bottlenecks in metrology, and enable deep-circuit quantum evolution through quantum error correction. Here we demonstrate an experimental architecture for high-rate reloading and continuous operation of a large-scale atom-array system while realizing coherent storage and manipulation of quantum information. Our approach utilizes a series of two optical lattice conveyor belts to transport atom reservoirs into the science region, where atoms are repeatedly extracted into optical tweezers without affecting the coherence of qubits stored nearby. Using a reloading rate of 300,000 atoms in tweezers per second, we create over 30,000 initialized qubits per second, which we leverage to assemble and maintain an array of over 3,000 atoms for more than 2 hours. Furthermore, we demonstrate persistent refilling of the array with atomic qubits in either a spin-polarized or a coherent superposition state while preserving the quantum state of stored qubits. Our results pave the way for the realization of large-scale continuously operated atomic clocks, sensors, and fault-tolerant quantum computers.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an experimental architecture for continuous operation of a neutral-atom qubit array. It uses two optical lattice conveyor belts to transport atom reservoirs into the science region for repeated extraction into optical tweezers at 300,000 atoms/s, enabling assembly and maintenance of >3,000 atoms for >2 hours while demonstrating refilling with spin-polarized or coherent-superposition qubits without disturbing stored qubits.

Significance. If the non-interference claim is rigorously verified, the result would be significant for neutral-atom platforms, enabling higher cycle rates, continuous metrology, and fault-tolerant quantum evolution by removing atom-loss bottlenecks in pulsed operation.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract (and corresponding Results section): the central claim that conveyor transport plus tweezer extraction can be repeated at 300 k atoms/s 'without affecting the coherence of qubits stored nearby' is load-bearing for the continuous-operation result, yet the provided text supplies no Ramsey contrast, Bell fidelity, or phase-error data comparing runs with versus without active reloading; without these metrics the multi-hour coherence preservation cannot be assessed.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: performance numbers (300,000 atoms/s, >30,000 initialized qubits/s, >2 h) are stated without error bars, statistical uncertainties, or sample sizes.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful review and for highlighting the importance of quantitative coherence metrics to support the central claim. We address the comment below and will revise the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (and corresponding Results section): the central claim that conveyor transport plus tweezer extraction can be repeated at 300 k atoms/s 'without affecting the coherence of qubits stored nearby' is load-bearing for the continuous-operation result, yet the provided text supplies no Ramsey contrast, Bell fidelity, or phase-error data comparing runs with versus without active reloading; without these metrics the multi-hour coherence preservation cannot be assessed.

    Authors: We agree that direct comparative metrics are necessary to rigorously substantiate the non-interference claim. The submitted manuscript presents coherence data for the stored qubits during continuous reloading but does not include side-by-side Ramsey contrast or Bell fidelity measurements with the conveyors and extraction off. In the revised manuscript we will add these data (new panel in the relevant Results figure and accompanying text) showing Ramsey contrast and phase stability with active reloading at the stated rate, compared against static-array controls. This will allow quantitative assessment of any degradation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: pure experimental demonstration with measured outcomes

full rationale

This paper reports an experimental architecture and measurements for continuous atom-array operation. The central claims (reloading rate of 300,000 atoms/s, assembly and maintenance of >3000 atoms for >2 h, refilling while preserving coherence) are direct experimental results, not quantities derived from equations or predictions within the paper. No derivations, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the provided text. The architecture's feasibility is established by the reported measurements themselves rather than by any self-referential reduction. This is the expected outcome for an experimental methods paper.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Experimental demonstration paper; no mathematical derivations, free parameters, or new postulated entities are introduced. Relies on established neutral-atom trapping and laser techniques from prior literature.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5837 in / 1256 out tokens · 23802 ms · 2026-05-25T08:26:01.594099+00:00 · methodology

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Forward citations

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